ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2024
Acute effect of endurance exercise on human milk insulin concentrations: a randomised cross-over study.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05042414 (Acute Effects of Endurance Exercise on Breastmilk Composition), which is not on this map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Acute Effects of Endurance Exercise on Breastmilk Composition: Pilot Study
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Maternal cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with metabolic hormone concentrations in human milk.Npj exercise medicine and health · 2026Article
- Unaltered 3'-sialyllactose and 6'-sialyllactose concentrations in human milk acutely after endurance exercise: a randomized crossover trial.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Insulin is present in human milk and its concentration correlates with maternal circulating levels. Studies on the association between human milk insulin concentrations and infant weight or growth show conflicting results, but some studies indicate that higher insulin concentrations in the milk can promote infant weight gain. Circulating levels of insulin decrease acutely after exercise, but no prior study has investigated the acute effect of exercise on human milk insulin concentrations. Our aim was to determine the acute effects of two endurance exercise protocols on human milk insulin concentration in exclusively breastfeeding individuals. Methods: In a randomised cross-over trial, 20 exclusively breastfeeding participants who were 6-12 weeks postpartum completed three conditions on separate days: (1) moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), (2) high-intensity interval training (HIIT), and (3) no activity (REST). Milk was collected before exercise/rest (at 07:00 h), immediately after exercise/rest (11:00 h), 1 h after exercise/rest (12:00 h), and 4 h after exercise/rest (15:00 h). We determined insulin concentrations in the milk using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared insulin concentrations after MICT and HIIT with REST using a linear mixed model with time-points and the interaction between time and condition as fixed factors. Results: We detected insulin in all 240 samples, with an average concentration of 12.3 (SD 8.8) μIU/mL (range 3.2-57.2 μIU/mL). There was no statistically significant effect of exercise on insulin concentration, but a tendency of reduced concentrations 4 h after HIIT ( Conclusion: One session of endurance exercise, either at moderate- or high intensity, had no statistically significant effect on human milk insulin concentration. Future research should determine the effect of regular exercise on insulin in human milk and potential impact for infant health outcomes. Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05042414.
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