ArticleJournal of orthopaedic surgery and research2025
Bio-3D printing of scaffold-free ADSC-derived cartilage constructs comparable to natural cartilage in vitro.
Article in Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Engineering heterogeneous tissues and organs via multi-material bioprinting: Advances, challenges, and opportunities.Acta biomaterialia · 2026Review
- From microtissues to macro solutions - The future of scalable and automated cartilage tissue engineering.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2026Review
- A scaffold-free cartilage construct fabricated using a bio 3D printer accelerates critical-size bone defect regeneration.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2026Article
- Letter to the editor regarding: Bio-3D printing of scaffold-free ADSC-derived cartilage constructs comparable to natural cartilage in vitro.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2026Article
- Response to the letter to the editor regarding "Bio-3D printing of scaffold-free ADSC-derived cartilage constructs comparable to natural cartilage in vitro".Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2026Article
- Bioprinting for craniofacial reconstruction: A review of advancements, clinical use, and challenges.Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery · 2025Review
- 3D bioprinting bone/cartilage organoids: construction, applications, and challenges.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2025Review
- Osteoarthritis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Advances.MedComm · 2025Review
- Adipose Tissue-Derived Therapies for Osteoarthritis: Multifaceted Mechanisms and Clinical Prospects.Cells · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles in stem cell-based gonadal regeneration: mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and translational challenges.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn end-stage osteoarthritis (OA), osteochondral defects reach the subchondral bone and cartilage tissue of sufficient thickness is required to compensate for the defects. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (ADSCs), which are abundant in the body, have the potential to differentiate into cartilage and may be a useful cell source for cartilage regeneration. If it is possible to fabricate ADSC-derived cartilage constructs that can cover the damaged area, this could lead to the development of a new regenerative therapy for OA that could replace the currently available treatments. We therefore sought to produce cartilage constructs with suitable thickness and biological properties, similar to native cartilage, using the bio-three-dimensional (3D) printer. We also investigated the culture protocol to ensure that the constructs were fully mature even at the internal site.
methodsADSCs were isolated from three rats and expanded to create cartilage spheroids. The spheroids were arranged into patches using a Kenzan bio-3D printer to create scaffold-free, cell-only cartilage constructs. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was added during expansion culture and varying concentrations of bone morphogenetic protein2 (BMP2) were supplemented during chondrogenic differentiation. The levels of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in the spheroids and constructs were measured. The histology of the spheroids and constructs and the compressive strength of the constructs were evaluated.
resultsThe amount of GAG in the cartilage spheroids was higher in the bFGF and high-BMP2 concentration groups than in the non-supplemented and low-BMP2 concentration groups. Chondrocytes were abundant in the spheroids and constructs, and the extracellular matrix was homogeneously positive for safranin O staining and type II collagen immunostaining. The strength of cartilage constructs was consistent with that of the native cartilage (compressive strength 4.2 ± 1.5 MPa, n = 12).
conclusionBy optimizing the cell culture conditions, inducing chondrogenic differentiation, and bio-3D printing, we successfully fabricated fully mature cartilage constructs with mechanical and histological properties similar to those of articular cartilage.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.