ArticlePloS one2025
Comprehensive techno-environmental evaluation of an isolated PV/wind/biomass hybrid microgrid employing various battery technologies: A comparative analysis.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Renewable energy technologies offer promise for addressing energy access and environmental concerns, especially in remote off-grid areas. This paper presents a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of an off-grid PV/wind/biomass hybrid system. Employing optimization techniques including the osprey optimization algorithm (OOA), zebra optimization algorithm (ZOA), and flying foxes optimization (FFO) algorithm, the study aims to determine the optimal sizing of solar PV, wind, biomass, and battery components. Using data from Tabuk, Saudi Arabia (28.38° N, 36.56° E), the study seeks to achieve optimal sizing for solar PV, wind, biomass, and battery storage components to minimize the net present cost (NPC) and ensure reliable power supply, adhering to specified loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and excess energy thresholds. Three battery types, namely, flooded lead-acid, lithium iron phosphate (LFP), and nickel iron (Ni-Fe), were analyzed. Results reveal that ZOA outperformed other algorithms, supplying electricity at a minimum cost of 0.1285 $/kWh in one configuration, with the LFP battery achieving the lowest NPC of 3.8 M$ in case studies with constrained LPSP. Across multiple simulations, ZOA displayed superior stability and convergence characteristics, evidenced by its tight objective function range and lower relative error metrics. These findings underscore the potential of this integrated approach to enhance the economic viability and operational resilience of off-grid hybrid microgrid systems, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions.
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Registered trials
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