New Persistent Opioid Use After Surgery.

Importance: New persistent opioid use after surgery is contributing to the opioid crisis affecting the US, and interventions to limit postoperative opioid prescriptions have been proposed to mitigate the opioid-related health care burden. Limited information is available regarding the incidence of new persistent use after surgery in other countries. Objective: To determine the incidence of new persistent opioid use and to evaluate factors associated with its risk after surgery in Austria. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective, population-based cohort study used administrative data from the national Austrian social insurance database for adult patients undergoing surgery between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2021. Exclusion criteria were incomplete exposure or outcome data, early postoperative death, and ongoing opioid use at the time of surgery. Data were analyzed from September 2023 to August 2024. Exposures: General, gynecological, urological, orthopedic, and cardiac surgery. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary study outcome was the incidence of new persistent opioid use up to 6 months after surgery in the Austrian population; the factors associated with use, including patient factors and surgical procedures, were analyzed. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between the primary outcome and the independent variables after controlling for multicollinearity. Results: Among 559 096 patients undergoing 642 857 surgical procedures (median [IQR] age, 60 [48-71] years; 318 391 male patients [49.5%]), new persistent opioid use was documented in 10 810 cases (1.7%) overall, and the rates ranged from 0.3% for appendectomy (130 cases per 40 565 procedures) to 0.7% for abdominal surgery (2198 cases per 335 034 procedures) to 6.8% for spinal surgery (3495 cases per 51 348 procedures). The median (IQR) daily opioid dose in oral morphine equivalents was 7.4 (4.1-14.9) mg. Specific procedures, including spinal surgery (odds ratio [OR], 5.36; 95% CI, 5.04-5.69) and arthroplasty (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.48-1.67), and patient characteristics, such as previous opioid use that was discontinued before surgery (OR, 3.06; 95% CI, 2.93-3.19) and the frequency of previously filled opioid prescriptions (OR, 16.49; 95% CI, 13.63-19.95), were associated with new persistent opioid use. Conclusions and Relevance: In Austria, the incidence of new persistent opioid use after surgery is lower than that in North America, but the factors associated with risk are similar. These findings suggest the need for studies comparing pain management strategies, as well as systemic and organizational factors, that contribute to the development of new persistent opioid use after surgery in North American and European health care systems, where less evidence about new persistent opioid use has been available.