Comparative evaluation of cytotoxic effects of a new biomaterial nanohydroxyapatite-lactoferrin, nanohydroxyapatite, mineral trioxide aggregate, and calcium-enriched mixture on human dental pulp stem cells.

Background: Regenerative therapies are emerging as promising alternatives to traditional dental treatments, aiming to preserve pulp vitality. Identifying an ideal biomaterial is crucial for the success of these therapies. Aims: This study is the first to evaluate and compare the toxicity of nanohydroxyapatite (NHA), NHA-lactoferrin (NHA-LF), calcium-enriched mixture (CEM), and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on dental pulp stem cells. Materials and Methods: Hydroxyapatite nanocrystals were functionalized with LF in a HEPES buffer to create the NHA-LF combination. MTA, CEM, and NHA were prepared under sterile conditions. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay. Two-way ANOVA was used for data analysis. Games-Howell and Sidak tests were utilized for further analysis post-ANOVA. Results: The highest cytotoxicity was observed with NHA-LF at a 1000% concentration after 48 h, averaging 45.68%. In contrast, the lowest cytotoxicity was noted with MTA at a 10% concentration within 24 h, averaging 229.53%. There was a significant statistical relationship between substance type and cellular viability (P < 0.05), whereas time showed no significant impact (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicate a significant correlation between the type of biomaterial used and its effect on cellular proliferation and viability, with time showing no significant influence. All the tested materials can be categorized as noncytotoxic materials, except NHA-LF in the highest concentration (1000%). The study suggests prioritizing low-dose NHA-LF for use.