ReviewACS ES&T water2025
Water Disinfection Systems for Pools and Spas: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Consumer Views in the US.
Review in ACS ES&T water, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Bromochloroacetonitrile Cytotoxicity and Regenerative Responses in HaCaT and HUVEC Cells.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Combined Locally Enhanced Electric Field Treatment and Copper for Effective Disinfection in a Circulating Water System.ACS ES&T engineering · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Disinfection of swimming pools and hot tubs (pools/spas) are necessary to prevent outbreaks and exposure to waterborne pathogens from water recreation. However, harmful disinfection byproducts (DBPs) from heavy chlorine usage continue to be a growing concern. Chlorine-based disinfectants also react with human inputs like sweat, urine, cosmetics, sunscreen, etc., that are introduced in a pool/spa, further increasing the severity of the DBP problem. We reviewed the current status of water disinfection technologies in the pool/spa industry and summarize the methods, trends, advantages, and disadvantages from a health and consumer viewpoint. Market research and face-to-face interviews were also accomplished with 100 industry experts and end-users in the US. We then integrate the literature findings in parallel with these market insights. Overall, we conclude the future of water recreation is trending away from high dosage chlorine-based solutions to disinfect swimming water and turning to alternatives with better sustainability and safety in mind. Lastly, we discuss the future directions of these technologies with current and past trends, offering insights to where research and development should be focused for both the user's health and overall experience.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.