ArticleCureus2025
Short-Term Effects on Tear Film Following Cosmetic Botulinum Toxin Injections in Healthy Individuals.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeBotulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) injections have become increasingly popular for cosmetic treatments in the upper face region, particularly for reducing wrinkles and achieving aesthetic improvements. While the cosmetic benefits are well-documented, the potential effects of these injections on ocular surface health and tear film dynamics remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the impact of BoNT-A injections on tear film parameters and ocular surface health across different time intervals following treatment. MATERIALS AND
methodsThis cross-sectional study evaluated 80 participants divided into four groups of 20 each. Three groups consisted of patients who had received upper face BoNT-A injections within the previous six months, evaluated at different time intervals: group 1 (0-1 month post-injection), group 2 (1-3 months post-injection), and group 3 (3-6 months post-injection). The fourth group served as an age- and gender-matched control group with no history of BoNT-A treatment. A comprehensive assessment of ocular surface health was conducted using three standardized parameters: the Schirmer test (without anesthesia) for tear production, the tear break-up time (TBUT) for tear film stability, and the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) for symptom evaluation. All participants underwent standardized BoNT-A injection protocols, receiving a total of 50 units administered by the same experienced cosmetic surgeon.
resultsSignificant differences in tear production were observed, with the 0-1 month post-injection group exhibiting the highest mean Schirmer score (18.35±7.63 mm), compared to 12.9±3.64 mm in the control group (p<0.01). TBUT measurements revealed greater tear film stability in the control (11.35±2.92 seconds) and 0-1 month (11.05±2.97 seconds) groups compared to the 1-3 and 3-6 month groups (p<0.05). OSDI scores indicated increased symptom severity in the 1-3 month (18.62±7.04) and 3-6 month (18.82±6.08) post-injection groups compared to the control group (11.82±2.67) (p<0.001).
conclusionsCosmetic BoNT-A injections can lead to alterations in tear film dynamics and ocular surface health, with effects varying across different post-injection time periods. The findings suggest an initial increase in tear production followed by potential alterations in tear film stability and increased dry eye symptoms in the months following treatment. These effects appear to vary over time following injection. Further research is now needed to fully elucidate the long-term impact of cosmetic BoNT-A injections on the ocular surface.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.