ArticleBrain and behavior2025
Amplified Intraindividual Variability in Motor Performance in Stroke Survivors: Links to Cognitive and Clinical Outcomes.
Article in Brain and behavior, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Comparison of Machine Learning Approaches to Activity Classification Using IMU Data Collected in a Community-Based Setting.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Exploring the potential of cognitive intra-individual variability in HIV care and research in adults with HIV: a concept analysis.Applied neuropsychology. Adult · 2026Review
- Predicting online motor learning after stroke in lower limb task using machine learning.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Unlocking the mind: brain mapping for the exploratory quest of functional and cognitive networks in awake neurosurgery.Neurosurgical review · 2026Article
- The interplay between stroke and hip fractures: a narrative review of mechanisms, risk assessment, and prevention.Frontiers in aging · 2026Review
- Linking behavioral variability to daily function in stroke survivors: the mediating role of cognitive and motor mechanisms.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Observational
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIntraindividual variability (IIV) in motor performance reflects unintentional fluctuations in the motor output across repeated attempts. Behavioral variability in older adults has been linked to impaired neuronal integrity and cognitive decline. Despite this, the traditional motor assessments in stroke have neglected to characterize IIV in motor performance also known as "motor inconsistency." Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of stroke on motor inconsistency and its relationship with cognitive and clinical outcomes.
methodsSixty-six stroke survivors and 32 healthy older adults performed 30 trials of a goal-directed task to match a force-time target of 10 N in 180 ms. To measure motor inconsistency, we applied a well-established approach to measuring IIV from the cognitive aging literature that accounts for the inherent, systematic effects of practice and mean-level performance on IIV. In addition, participants completed domain-specific cognitive evaluations and global clinical assessments. Domain-specific cognitive evaluations assessed episodic memory, visuospatial processing, processing speed, and executive function. Global clinical assessments included years of education as a proxy of cognitive reserve, the Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS-2), ankle strength, and the Modified Rankin Score (mRS).
resultsStroke survivors exhibited greater motor inconsistency compared with healthy older adults. Declines in domain-specific cognitive function, particularly executive dysfunction, predicted motor inconsistency in stroke survivors. Cognitive reserve and mRS emerged as significant predictors of motor inconsistency.
conclusionsStroke significantly impairs the ability to perform a motor task with consistency. Compromised executive function following stroke is associated with increased motor inconsistency. Interestingly, reduced cognitive reserve and greater functional disability are linked to increased motor inconsistency in stroke survivors. These findings highlight that inconsistency is an important indicator of motor dysfunction following stroke that is linked to cognitive and clinical outcomes and may serve as an important target for stroke rehabilitation.
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