ArticleBMC women's health2025
Comorbid bladder pain syndrome and vulvodynia - a cross-sectional analysis of the UNICORN-4 study.
Article in BMC women's health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Integrating vaginal laser therapy into multidisciplinary management of bladder pain syndrome and vulvodynia.BMC urology · 2026Review
- Discrete mathematical network analysis bridging clinical vocabulary and patient discourse in interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome online communications.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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1 author.
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Abstract
backgroundBladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis (BPS/IC) and vulvodynia often coexist, exacerbating patient symptoms and complicating the diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to identify distinct subtypes within a BPS/IC and vulvodynia cohort and evaluate their symptom profiles, psychological characteristics, and sexual function indicators.
methodsA cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 150 female patients diagnosed with BPS/IC and vulvodynia. The patients completed validated questionnaires assessing bladder symptoms, psychological distress (PHQ-9 and GAD-7), and sexual function (FSFI and FSDS-R). Hierarchical and K-means clustering were used to identify patient subgroups.
resultsThree distinct clusters were identified. Cluster 1 exhibited moderate bladder-specific symptoms and psychological distress. Cluster 2 had severe bladder symptoms and the highest psychological distress. Cluster 3, defined as the vulvodynia-predominant subtype, featured severe vulvodynia, significant psychological distress, and minimal bladder symptoms, aligning with a non-urologic pelvic pain phenotype. Sexual function was significantly impaired across all clusters, with Cluster 3 showing the most severe dysfunction.
conclusionsThis study highlights the heterogeneity within BPS/IC and vulvodynia populations. The identification of a vulvodynia-predominant subtype and non-urologic pelvic pain phenotype emphasizes the need for personalized treatment strategies addressing both physical and psychological factors, particularly sexual dysfunction and psychological distress.
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