Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39971993›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Thermal hydrolysis of poultry byproducts for the production of microbial media.

Edward T Drabold, Manish Sakhakarmy, Saravanan R Shanmugam, Sushil Adhikari, Wellington Arthur, Marko Rudar, Melissa Boersma, Qichen Wang, Brendan T Higgins

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Edward T DraboldDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
Manish SakhakarmyDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
Saravanan R ShanmugamDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
Sushil AdhikariDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
Wellington ArthurDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
Marko RudarDepartment of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
Melissa BoersmaChemistry & Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
Qichen WangDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
Brendan T HigginsDepartment of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA. bth0023@auburn.edu.

Funding

Agricultural Research Service 6040-42440-001-011-SAlabama Agricultural Experiment Station ALA0HIGGINS2National Institute of Food and Agriculture 2021-67019-33685National Institute of Food and Agriculture 2023-68012-38994National Science Foundation GRFP
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Rendered meat byproducts are important feedstocks for pet food formulas, esterified biodiesels and other bioproducts. However, feedstocks with high water contents are currently not attractive for rendering due to the need to evaporate the resulting high protein "stick" water. Consequently, many wet meat byproducts, like poultry dissolved air flotation (DAF) solids, are land applied, wasting a potential resource, and causing malodor for nearby communities. Herein, we present a process for rendering wet meat byproducts where the stick water produced from rendering hydrolyzers is sold as value-added microbial media and therefore does not require evaporation. Thermal hydrolysis experiments were performed on a wet (7% solids content) and drier feedstock (25% solids). Amino acids, the most valuable component of microbial media, were marginally higher in stick water produced from the 25% solids feedstock (1.7 g/L) compared to the 7% feedstock (1.5 g/L) despite the much higher solids input. Furthermore, the fatty acid composition of the thermally treated solids was unchanged by reactor solids loading. Mass and energy balances were performed to understand the impact of feedstock solids concentration on heating requirements. This work uses a process engineering approach to develop a new paradigm in rendering technology: upcycling wet meat byproducts into value-added microbial media.

Indexed as

MeatPoultryAmino AcidsAnimalsHot TemperatureHydrolysisAmino AcidsAmino acidsDissolved air flotation (DAF) solidsFatty acidsHydrothermal processingProcess modelSoluble protein

Identifiers

PMID39971993
PMCPMC11840091

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.