SynthesisBMJ open2025
Implementation of decarbonisation actions in general practice: a systematic review and narrative synthesis.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- From theory to practice: using the Normalization Process Theory and Theoretical Domains Framework to understand implementation of decarbonization in general practice.Family practice · 2025Pooled it
- Engaging patients in the decarbonisation of primary care: findings from a cross-sectional survey in England.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Prototype of an organising framework for healthcare decarbonisation research: an exploratory classification study.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Supporting general practices to develop green action plans to reduce carbon emissions: development and evaluation of the feasibility of a workshop-based intervention.Primary health care research & development · 2026Article
- Building India's Low-Carbon Healthcare System: A Comprehensive Review of National Policies, Operational Frameworks, and Decarbonization Strategies.Annals of global health · 2026Review
- Mobilising Knowledge for General Practice Decarbonisation: Maximising Impact Through a Multi-Stakeholder Workshop.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2025Article
- Health systems' adaptations to climate change: an umbrella review of global evidence protocol.BMJ open · 2025Article
- General practice at the nexus of planet and people: for a healthier, sustainable future.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo summarise and synthesise existing literature on the implementation of decarbonisation actions in general practice, to outline the actions being implemented, factors influencing decarbonisation, identify evidence gaps and questions for future research.
designA systematic review and narrative synthesis. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science and ProQuest (grey literature) were searched for literature published up to 29 March 2024. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: Studies of any design investigating the implementation of decarbonisation actions in general practice. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers extracted data and conducted quality assessments using a mixed methods appraisal tool. Narrative synthesis was used to analyse findings.
resultsFifteen studies were included. Studies were primarily from the UK (n=5), followed by Australia (n=3), USA (n=2), Germany (n=2) and one each from France, Switzerland and Israel. Study designs were qualitative (n=7), quantitative (n=7) and one mixed methods. Participants included healthcare staff (n=7), patients (n=5), health stakeholders (n=2) and the general public (n=1). There was evidence of general practices adopting decarbonisation actions such as resource reuse, improved waste management, energy-efficient systems and preventive care to reduce overmedication, with strong leadership and institutional support being crucial for their success. However, barriers such as high costs, resource constraints and limited awareness among clinicians and patients highlighted the need for enhanced communication, education and the structured promotion of initiatives to improve patient and community engagement.
conclusionsThere is limited evidence on the implementation of decarbonisation actions in general practice. A range of factors may impact on the extent to which implementation occurs. Addressing these will be crucial for effectively promoting and scaling decarbonisation actions in general practice. Future research should focus on understanding the role of institutional context, evaluating the real-world impact of interventions on greenhouse gas emissions and exploring patient and community involvement. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42023470889.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.