ArticleCureus2025
Modular Architecture of Retinal Layers in Diabetic Patients Without Retinopathy.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Macular Pigment Changes in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Without Diabetic Retinopathy.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose Diagnosing diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the pre-clinical stage is crucial to reversing DR. This study aimed to compare the retinal thickness changes between healthy controls (HCs) and diabetics without retinopathy (DWORs). For the first time, we would like to introduce the concept of network modularity analysis in studying retinal networks to demonstrate disrupted retinal layer organization as evidence of subclinical retinopathy. Methods This was a cross-sectional study on 156 eyes of HCs and 78 eyes of DWORs. Retinal layer thickness was measured on Spectralis OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). Average thickness values from the outer ring of the ETDRS grid (Avg_O) and the inner ring (Avg_I) were calculated for each layer. Mean retinal thicknesses for each layer between the two groups were compared using the t-test. Age-related thickness changes were compared between the groups using Fisher's r-to-z transform. Group-based structural covariance networks were estimated for both DWORs and HCs. Optimal community architecture was estimated using Louvain's modularity. Results Inner retinal layers, namely RNFL_C (HC: 10.16 ± 2.48 µm versus DWOR: 10.85 ± 2.23 µm; p=0.023) and INL_Avg_I (HC: 39.9 ± 3.7 µm versus DWOR: 40.9 ± 3.16 µm; p=0.035), were thicker in the DWOR group compared to the HC group. Outer retinal layers, namely OR_C (HC: 89.9 ± 3.8 µm versus DWOR: 88.7 ± 3.6 µm; p=0.017) and OR_Avg_I (HC: 81.4 ± 3.16 µm versus DWOR: 80.5 ± 2.28 µm; p=0.02), were thinner in the DWOR group compared to the HC group. The central sub-field showed an age-related thickening in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) (r=0.117, p=0.04), GCL (r=0.078, p=0.17), inner plexiform layer (r=0.137, p=0.01), inner nuclear layer (INL) (r=0.29, p≤0.001), outer plexiform layer (r=0.256, p<0.001), and outer nuclear layer (r=0.197, p=0.001) layers in the HC group, which was not seen in the DWOR group. There was an abnormal increase in modularity among DWORs compared to HCs (Qhc=0.47, Qdowr=0.51, p=1.6x10
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