Quantifying residual orientation and thermal stress contributions to birefringence in the material extrusion of polylactide.

Anthony P Kotula, Benjamin E Dolata, Yoontae Kim, Sara V Orski, Jonathan E Seppala

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Article in Additive manufacturing, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 authors.

Anthony P KotulaMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.

Benjamin E DolataMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.

Yoontae KimMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.

Sara V OrskiMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.

Jonathan E SeppalaMaterial Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.

Funding

Intramural NIST DOC 9999-NIST

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Material extrusion is a common additive manufacturing process that subjects polymers to non-steady deformation and thermal processing to build a customized part. The mechanical properties of these parts are often worse than those of injection-molded specimens due to failures at or near the weld zone between extrudate layers. Chain orientation is often cited as a contribution to mechanical weaknesss at the weld, and it is therefore of critical importance to develop strategies to quantify the magnitude and location of residual chain orientation as a function of printing conditions. Here we use birefringence imaging to characterize the spatial variation in residual stress and residual chain orientation in a glassy polylactide. A combination of retardance measurements and sample thickness measurements provide a measure of birefringence as a function of position. As-printed samples show a nearly uniform birefringence background of approximately 7 × 10

Indexed as

birefringencechain orientationmaterial extrusionresidual stress

Identifiers

PMID39968216

DOI10.1016/j.addma.2025.104652

PMCPMC11833754

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.