ReviewInternational journal of technology assessment in health care2025
Use of surrogate endpoints in health technology assessment: a review of selected NICE technology appraisals in oncology.
Review in International journal of technology assessment in health care, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- An alternative method to validate surrogate endpoints in oncology.BMC medical research methodology · 2026Pooled it
- Economic evaluations of neoadjuvant drug regimens in cancer: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Comparison of drug regimens for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- UK National Screening Committee position statement on surrogate outcomes in cancer screening trials.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2026Article
- Cost-effectiveness analysis of toripalimab and bevacizumab versus sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in China.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Addressing clinical uncertainties in ATMP reimbursement: a review of methodological guidelines and European practice.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesSurrogate endpoints, used to substitute for and predict final clinical outcomes, are increasingly being used to support submissions to health technology assessment agencies. The increase in the use of surrogate endpoints has been accompanied by literature describing the frameworks and statistical methods to ensure their robust validation. The aim of this review was to assess how surrogate endpoints have recently been used in oncology technology appraisals by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in England and Wales.
methodsThis article identifies technology appraisals in oncology published by NICE between February 2022 and May 2023. Data are extracted on the use and validation of surrogate endpoints including purpose, evidence base, and methods used.
resultsOf the 47 technology appraisals in oncology available for review, 18 (38 percent) utilized surrogate endpoints, with 37 separate surrogate endpoints being discussed. However, the evidence supporting the validity of the surrogate relationship varied significantly across putative surrogate relationships with 11 providing randomized controlled trial evidence, 7 providing evidence from observational studies, 12 based on the clinical opinion, and 7 providing no evidence for the use of surrogate endpoints.
conclusionsThis review supports the assertion that surrogate endpoints are frequently used in oncology technology appraisals in England and Wales and despite the increasing availability of statistical methods and guidance on appropriate validation of surrogate endpoints, this review highlights that use and validation of surrogate endpoints can vary between technology appraisals, which can lead to uncertainty in decision making.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.