ReviewMolecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.)2025
Type 3 diabetes and metabolic reprogramming of brain neurons: causes and therapeutic strategies.
Review in Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- Treadmill exercise impedes cognitive decline in type 2 diabetic rats by improving mitochondrial function and modulating the TGF-β/Smad-3 pathway.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2026Article
- Trans-activator of transcription-pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 1 alleviates Alzheimer's disease by reducing neuronal insulin resistance and restoring energy homeostasis.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- The power of five - inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase gene mutations at the intersection of development and disease.FEBS letters · 2026Review
- The beneficial properties of CBDA in diet-induced neuroinflammation.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Article
- KetoFLEX 12/3 Diet and Cognitive Health: A Precision-Nutrition Perspective on Mechanisms, Emerging Evidence, and Future Directions.Nutrients · 2026Review
- FOXO family and neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential.Redox biology · 2026Review
- Tanycytes: bloodhounds of the metabolic brain.Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM · 2026Review
- The Interaction Between Insulin Resistance and Neuroinflammation in the Brain and Its Impact on Diabetic Encephalopathy.Biology · 2026Review
- Current progress in pathway-targeted therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease: mechanistic insights and windows of opportunity.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Review
- Multi-organ glucose metabolism alterations in diabetes mellitus: a total-bodyEJNMMI research · 2026Article
- Association of estimated pulse wave velocity and metabolic markers with cognitive impairment risk in diabetes : Exploring cognitive impairment risks in diabetic patients.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Article
- Decoding the Metabolic Signatures of Neurodegeneration Diseases: Advances in Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics.Metabolites · 2026Review
- Adiponectin deficiency drives cerebrovascular dysfunction and synergizes with amyloid-β to exacerbate alzheimer's pathology.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Article
- Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Dysfunction in Early-Stage Parkinson's Disease: Evidence from a Preliminary Case-Control Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Modelling brain metabolism with interacting nonautonomous phase oscillators.Frontiers in network physiology · 2026Article
- Insulin resistance (TyG index) and body mass index as metabolic biomarker combined with ApoE genotype to diagnose Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Hypoglycemia induces brain metabolic reprogramming and neurodegeneration via serum response factor and myocardin-related transcription factor-A.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Article
- The impact of high-sugar diets on central nervous system disorders: mechanisms, pathogenesis, and dietary implication.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- Integrative proteomic analysis provides novel therapeutic insights for etiological subtypes of diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Article
- The Antidiabetic Activity of Wild-Growing and Cultivated Medicinal Plants Used in Romania for Diabetes Mellitus Management: A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Abnormal glucose metabolism inevitably disrupts normal neuronal function, a phenomenon widely observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Investigating the mechanisms of metabolic adaptation during disease progression has become a central focus of research. Considering that impaired glucose metabolism is closely related to decreased insulin signaling and insulin resistance, a new concept "type 3 diabetes mellitus (T3DM)" has been coined. T3DM specifically refers to the brain's neurons becoming unresponsive to insulin, underscoring the strong link between diabetes and AD. Recent studies reveal that during brain insulin resistance, neurons exhibit mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced glucose metabolism, and elevated lactate levels. These findings suggest that impaired insulin signaling caused by T3DM may lead to a compensatory metabolic shift in neurons toward glycolysis. Consequently, this review aims to explore the underlying causes of T3DM and elucidate how insulin resistance drives metabolic reprogramming in neurons during AD progression. Additionally, it highlights therapeutic strategies targeting insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial function as promising avenues for the successful development of AD treatments.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.