ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2025
Estimates of SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Population Immunity After the COVID-19 Pandemic in Austria: Analysis of National Wastewater Data.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Post-pandemic mortality patterns and COVID-19 burden considering multiple death causes.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Nationwide estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rates and numbers needed to vaccinate for COVID-19 vaccines in 2024 in Austria.European journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Seasonal Distribution of Viral Pneumonia After COVID-19 and the Role of Hematological Markers in Assessing Pneumonia Severity: A Case-Control Study.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPostpandemic surveillance data on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections may help inform future public health policies regarding severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing, vaccinations, or other COVID-19 measures. We estimate the total SARS-CoV-2 infections in Austria after the end of the pandemic from wastewater data and utilize these estimates to calculate the average national levels of SARS-CoV-2 infection protection and COVID-19 death protection.
methodsWe estimated the total SARS-CoV-2 infections in Austria after the end of the pandemic (5 May 2023, per World Health Organization) up to May 2024 from wastewater data using a previously published model. These estimates were used in an agent-based model (ABM) to estimate average national levels of SARS-CoV-2 infection protection and COVID-19 death protection, based on waning immunity estimates of infections and vaccination in previous literature.
resultsWe estimate approximately 3.2 million infections between 6 May 2023 and 23 May 2024, with a total of 17.8 million infections following 12 May 2020. The ABM estimates that the national average death protection was approximately 82% higher in May 2024 than before the pandemic. This represents a relative decrease of 8% since May 2023. It also shows that 95% of people in Austria were infected with SARS-CoV-2 at least once by May 2024. National infection protection remained relatively low after the onset of Omicron.
conclusionsThese findings should be considered for public health decisions on SARS-CoV-2 testing practices and vaccine booster administrations.
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