Measuring population heterogeneity requires heterogeneous populations.

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

1. Heterogeneity in gender differences in self-reported political preferences, trust, and well-being across 39 European countries.Scientific reports · 2025
   Pooled it
2. Headache associated with adverse cognitive trajectories in Chinese aging cohort: a group-based trajectory modeling study.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026
   Article
3. Beyond reweighting: On the predictive role of covariate shift in effect generalization.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
   Article
4. Reply to Krefeld-Schwalb et al.: Measuring population heterogeneity requires upholding good scientific practice.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
   Article

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Funding

Abstract

PubMed holds no abstract for this paper.