Enrichment of electrotrophic microorganisms from contrasting shallow-sea hydrothermal environments in bioelectrochemical reactors.

Introduction: Hydrothermal vents are inhabited by electrotrophic microorganisms, which are capable of oxidizing extracellular compounds, such as metals, to power their metabolisms. However, their diversity is poorly known, especially in shallow-sea hydrothermal vents where it has not been extensively studied. Bioelectrochemical reactors can be used to investigate such electrotrophic diversity by providing an electrode as an electron donor. Methods: Here, a total of 60 different reactors were set up and inoculated with either a microbial community coming from the shallow, acidic (ca. pH 5.5) and hot (ca. 120°C) hydrothermal system of Panarea, Aeolian islands, Italy, or the shallow, alkaline (pH 11) and mild (40°C) hydrothermal system of Prony Bay, New Caledonia. Results: With the alkaline sample, no electrical current increase was seen in any of the 15 reactors operated for 6 days under Prony hydrothermal conditions (pH 10, 30-75°C). By contrast, a 6-fold increase on average was observed in reactors operated under the Panarea hydrothermal fluid conditions (pH 4.5-7, 75°C). A Multi-Factor Analysis revealed that the overall bioelectrochemical performances of these reactors set them apart from all the other Panarea and Prony conditions, not only due to their higher current production but also archaeal abundances (measured through qPCR). Most reactors produced organic acids (up to 2.9 mM in 6 days). Still, coulombic efficiencies indicated that this might have been due to the (electro) fermentation of traces of yeast extract in the medium rather than CO Conclusion: These results provide new insights into the distribution and diversity of electrotrophs in shallow-sea hydrothermal vents and allow the identification of potential novel biocatalysts for Microbial Electrosynthesis whereby electricity and carbon dioxide are converted into value-added products.