Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39963371›Full record

ReviewInfection and drug resistance2025

Behavioral and Socio-Economic Determinants of Antimicrobial Resistance in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review.

Thandizo Kapatsa, Adriano Focus Lubanga, Akim N Bwanali, Gracian Harawa, Steward Mudenda, Pascal C Chipewa, Mapeesho Kamayani, Tumaini John Makole, Abdisalam Yusuf Ali, Abdullahi Abdirasak Mohamed and 6 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Infection and drug resistance, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
16citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

16 citing papers in PubMed.

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  6. Antibiotic resistance inFrontiers in microbiology · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Thandizo KapatsaEducation and Research, Clinical Research Education and Management Services (CREAMS), Lilongwe, Malawi.ORCID 0009-0005-4699-5992
Adriano Focus LubangaEducation and Research, Clinical Research Education and Management Services (CREAMS), Lilongwe, Malawi.ORCID 0000-0002-5491-5412
Akim N BwanaliEducation and Research, Clinical Research Education and Management Services (CREAMS), Lilongwe, Malawi.ORCID 0009-0005-2070-0041
Gracian HarawaNational Antimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Center, Public Health Institute of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi.
Steward MudendaDepartment of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.ORCID 0000-0003-1692-8981
Pascal C ChipewaMalaria Alert Centre, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi.
Mapeesho KamayaniChurches Health Association of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
Tumaini John MakolePharmacy Council of Tanzania, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.ORCID 0009-0007-7258-4403
Abdisalam Yusuf AliSchool of Public Health, Mount Kenya University, Nairobi, Kenya.
Abdullahi Abdirasak MohamedSchool of Postgraduate Studies, Benazir University, Mogadishu, Somalia.ORCID 0009-0002-1870-5925
Kim Tae YounYouth With Talents, Fairfax, VA, USA.
Lorie KimYouth With Talents, Fairfax, VA, USA.
Won D DanielYouth With Talents, Fairfax, VA, USA.
Matthew KimYouth With Talents, Fairfax, VA, USA.
Tarek Emir ChehabKoc University School of Medicine, Instanbul, Turkey.ORCID 0000-0002-2275-5514
Thomas NyirendaEuropean and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP), Strategic Partnerships and Capacity Development, Cape Town, South Africa.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is currently one of the twenty-first century's biggest threats to public health. Addressing AMR is often operationalized as requiring 'behavior change' of clinicians and patients and improving the drug development pipeline. Few studies and interventions have approached AMR as a challenge fundamentally embedded within the cultural fabric of modern societies and their varied economic, social and political organizations. This systematic review aimed to gather and review the available data on the behavioral and socio-economic determinants of AMR in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods: Articles were sourced from PubMed using search terms across five domains: "Antimicrobial resistance", "Sub-Saharan Africa", "Behavioral", "Socio-economic", and specific SSA country names. References were also reviewed for relevant data. This systematic review included original studies published in English between 2015 and 2023, focusing on behavioral and socio-economic factors influencing AMR in human populations in SSA, with AMR as a key outcome. Results: This systematic review identified 30 studies, with 83% (n=25) focusing on self-medication and antibiotic use practices, 67% (n=20) on healthcare providers' practices and knowledge, and 60% (n=18) on community knowledge and perceptions of AMR while 50% (n=15) of studies explored various socio-economic factors. The common themes that emerged from these studies included inadequate evidence-based prescription practices (63%, n=19), financial barriers to accessing antibiotics (50%, n=15), poor community awareness of AMR (53%, n=16), regulatory challenges in antibiotic sales and distribution (47%, n=14), and healthcare infrastructure limitations, including deficient diagnostic capabilities and antimicrobial stewardship programs (40%, n=12). Conclusion: This review's findings provide crucial insights into the behavioral and socioeconomic patterns influencing AMR in sub-Saharan African populations. For AMR interventions to be effective, there is a need for a thorough understanding of people's behaviors and practices about AMR knowledge and antimicrobial use which will help in developing more targeted interventions and policies to address inappropriate antimicrobial use and the spread of AMR.

Indexed as

antimicrobial resistancebehavioral determinantssocio-economic determinantssub-Saharan Africa

Identifiers

PMID39963371
PMCPMC11831910

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.