ArticleClinical Medicine Insights. Oncology2025
Comparing Immunotherapy Versus Chemotherapy Alone as Second-Line Therapy for Malignant Tumors of the Biliary Tract: A Retrospective Study.
Article in Clinical Medicine Insights. Oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Patient Characteristics and Treatment Patterns of Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer (BTC): A Chinese Physician Survey.Advances in therapy · 2026Article
- Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy after radical resection for biliary tract cancer: a retrospective study.The oncologist · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Bile duct carcinoma (BTC) is an uncommon malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. Management is limited after the progress of first-line treatment. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been proven popular in solid tumors. Immunotherapy plus chemotherapy has been a standard scheme in the management of multiple types of cancer. However, their efficacy and safety still need further exploration in patients who diagnosed BTC. This research mainly discusses the efficacy of immunotherapy in the second-line use of cholangiocarcinoma. Methods: In total, 126 individuals with BTC diagnosis from 2014 to 2024, who were treated with first-line or neoadjuvant treatment but were evaluated for progression or intolerance, were retrospectively included. All patients received standard chemotherapy, 57 received ICIs in combination with targeted therapy or not, and 69 did not. Patients were divided into simple chemotherapy (SC) and CT. Differences in efficacy, adverse events, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), progressive disease (PD), and efficacy of multiple factors and efficacy were analyzed. The primary endpoint is defined as OS. The secondary endpoint is defined as PFS, objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and treatment-related adverse reactions (TRAEs). Results: The PFS and OS of 4.68 and 30.26 months for ICIs with or without targeted therapy were proven statistically significant ( Conclusion: Our work concluded that immunocombined chemotherapy with or without specific treatment showed significant antitumor activity and acceptable safety. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are likely to be a reliable second-line therapy for advanced BTC.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.