Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39962443›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2025

Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease and its underlying etiologies from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

Ling Deng, Shujin Guo, Yuping Liu, Yaojia Zhou, Youren Liu, Xiaoxia Zheng, Xijie Yu, Ping Shuai

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PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 97 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
97citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

97 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  3. [Lifestyle pattern and therapeutic adherence in patients on hemodialysis].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2026
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37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Ling Deng *Department of Health Management and Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Shujin GuoDepartment of Health Management and Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Yuping LiuDepartment of Health Management and Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Yaojia ZhouAnimal Experimental Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
Youren LiuDepartment of Health Management and Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Xiaoxia ZhengDepartment of Health Management and Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
Xijie YuLaboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. xijieyu@hotmail.com.
Ping ShuaiDepartment of Health Management and Institute of Health Management, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China. 8369898@qq.com.

Funding

Medical and Engineer Cross Joint Fund of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China ZYGX2021YGLH208Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province> Key Research and Development Program of Sichuan Province 2022YFS0600Subject Founds of Health Care for Cadres of Sichuan Province 2024-208
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundWe aimed to investigate global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its underlying etiologies from 1990 to 2021.

methodsWe summarized the results of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 to derive the disease burden of CKD by considering four distinct types of epidemiological data, namely incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The Joinpoint regression analysis, which is skilled in calculating annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC), was used to estimate global trends for CKD from 1990 to 2021.

resultsThe age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALYs rate of CKD were more prominent in regions with Low and Low-middle socio-demographic index (SDI) quintiles. From 1990 to 2021, the countries with the largest increases in ASMR were Ukraine. Globally, the most common cause of death for CKD was type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), while the most common cause of prevalence, incidence, and DALYs was the other and unspecified causes. The main causes of death and DALYs from CKD varied in different parts of the world. The disease burden of CKD increased with age. In most age groups, the global prevalence and incidence of CKD were higher in females than males. At all ages, the global mortality rate and DALYs rate of CKD were higher in males compared to females. Joint point regression analysis found that from 1990 to 2021 the global age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) revealed a downward trend, while age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), ASMR, and age-standardized DALYs rate showed an upward trend, with the most notable increase in ASMR during the 1997-2000 period and in age-standardized DALYs rate during the 1996-2003 period.

conclusionsThe study unveiled the uneven global distribution of the burden of CKD and its attributable causes. From 1990 to 2021, an increase in the burden of incidence, mortality, and DALYs due to CKD was observed. Population growth and aging will contribute to a further increase in the burden of CKD. Healthcare providers should develop health policies, and optimize the allocation of medical resources, based on age, sex, region, and disease type.

Indexed as

Global Burden of DiseaseGlobal HealthRenal Insufficiency, ChronicAdultAgedDisability-Adjusted Life YearsFemaleHumansIncidenceMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceAge and gender distributionChronic kidney diseaseEtiologyGlobal burden of disease studyTime trend

Identifiers

PMID39962443
PMCPMC11831764

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.