Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39961980›Full record

ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2026

Disparities in Urine Testing Among Febrile Children in US Emergency Departments.

Than S Kyaw, Carina De La Cueva, Natalia Leva, Debbie Goldberg, Isabel E Allen, Maya Overland, Sam Washington, Hillary L Copp

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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Than S KyawMedical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Carina De La CuevaDepartment of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Natalia LevaDepartment of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Debbie GoldbergDepartment of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Isabel E AllenDepartment of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Maya OverlandDivision of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Sam WashingtonDepartment of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Hillary L CoppDepartment of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Hillary.Copp@ucsf.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo evaluate the association of race and ethnicity with urine testing for febrile children in the emergency department and to measure trends in urine testing from 2002 to 2021. STUDY DESIGN/

methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of children aged 2-24 months with a recorded temperature of ≥ 38 °C who presented to an emergency department in the United States from 2002 to 2021 using the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. We assessed trends in urine testing stratified by sex, race, and ethnicity over two decades and performed univariate and multivariate analyses.

resultsBetween 2002 and 2021, there were 31,552,201 estimated emergency department visits by febrile children aged 2-24 months with recorded temperature ≥ 38.0 °C. In 2002-2012, Hispanic females and non-Hispanic Black females had significantly lower frequencies (13-19% vs. 26%; p < 0.001) compared to non-Hispanic White females. However, urine testing frequencies significantly increased over the study period for Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black females (coefficients of 1.10 and 0.74, respectively; multivariate linear regression tests for trend, p < 0.05). By 2021, there were no racial and ethnic differences in urine testing (p > 0.05). There were no differences among males (p > 0.05).

conclusionsNationally, Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black females had disproportionately lower frequencies of receiving urine tests at the beginning of the study period but had equivalent frequencies to non-Hispanic White females by 2021, suggesting that racial and ethnic disparities have decreased over time. Future research will examine the impact of these trends on disparities in health outcomes.

Indexed as

Emergency Service, HospitalEthnicityFeverHealthcare DisparitiesUrinalysisBlack or African AmericanChild, PreschoolCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHispanic or LatinoHumansInfantMaleUnited StatesWhiteWhite PeopleDisparitiesEmergency departmentUrinary tract infectionUrine testing guidelines

Identifiers

PMID39961980
PMCPMC12965914

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.