ArticleActa anaesthesiologica Scandinavica2025
Tactical Emergency Medical Services in Copenhagen, Denmark: A mixed methods design study introducing a new concept.
Article in Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Tactical Emergency Medical Services in Copenhagen, Denmark: A mixed methods design study introducing a new concept.Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · 2025Article
- Research on the construction strategy of China's rural emergency linkage system from the perspective of systems theory-based on the survey of six regions in China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
AIMS AND
objectivesThe purpose of this study was to introduce the concept of Tactical Emergency Medical Services (TEMS) in Denmark and to explore the TEMS providers' and the Danish Police Forces' confidence in the TEMS concept in case of a terrorist attack within the Capital Region of Denmark.
backgroundTerrorist attacks pose a major challenge to prehospital emergency medical services when it comes to reaching trapped victims. The threat to healthcare professionals limits access and creates a so-called therapeutic vacuum, leading to delayed treatment and evacuation of victims and ultimately increases mortality.
methodsThis study used a mixed methods triangulation approach, integrating qualitative data from an interview study and quantitative data from a register study. The interview study consisted of 18 semistructured interviews conducted across three interview groups (Copenhagen TEMS physicians/paramedics, senior on-site commanders, and tactical and medical officers from the Copenhagen Police Department) with six participants in each group. Data from the interview study were analyzed using thematic framework analysis. The register study used data from the TEMS database, including 61 assignments from 2019 to 2020, that were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
resultsThe interview study found three core themes in each interview group. The main findings included insights on the advantages of having healthcare professionals in the warm zone, the prerequisites for the concept's success, TEMS's cooperation with the Danish Police Force, and challenges concerning healthcare providers inside tactical zones. The participants expected TEMS' presence inside the warm zone could improve triage and medical treatment, free police resources, increase police safety, optimize preparedness of the health sector, and significantly reduce the therapeutic vacuum. Data from the register study demonstrated that TEMS have had prior assignments in the warm and hot zones.
conclusionAll participating groups have high confidence in TEMS to close the gap of the therapeutic vacuum and deliver advanced physician and paramedic-based tactical medicine inside the warm zone in case of a terrorist attack in Copenhagen, Denmark. EDITORIAL COMMENT: This study includes both provider interviews and registry data to support insight into processes of Tactical Emergency Medicine. The authors discuss possible advantages of having emergency medical personnel in the major incident area early to support a coordinated response.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.