ReviewImmunology2025
Comparative Analysis of HMC3 and C20 Microglial Cell Lines Reveals Differential Myeloid Characteristics and Responses to Immune Stimuli.
Review in Immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Kynurenine Pathway: Unraveling Its Role in Neurological Disorders via Mammalian Cellular Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Systems biology-based drug repurposing for neuroinflammation treatment in activated human microglia.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Mechanical compression induces neuronal apoptosis, reduces synaptic activity, and promotes glial neuroinflammation in mice and humans.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Zika Virus Reprograms Microglial Mitochondrial Metabolism to Support Immune Activation and Viral Replication: Omega-3 DHA Counteracts Neuroinflammation and Viral Persistence.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Segmentation-Free Multi-Fractal and Radiomics Response Profiling of Live Unstained Confluent Microglia In Vitro Using Phase-Contrast Microscopy Images.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Photoreceptor outer segments promote the accumulation of lipid droplets in microglia by reprogramming lipid metabolism.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- HLA DP/DRA molecule regulates systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, aggravates cognitive impairment and long-term anxiety in murine model of sepsis-associated encephalopathy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- HMC3 revealed: how much do these "Microglia" really tell us?Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Glioma‑associated microglia and macrophages as a potential target for mTOR inhibition in glioblastoma.Molecular medicine reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Microglia are the primary resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that respond to injury and infections. Being critical to CNS homeostasis, microglia also have been shown to contribute to neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancer. Hence, microglia are regarded as a potential therapeutic target in CNS diseases, resulting in an increased demand for reliable in vitro models. Two human microglia cell lines (HMC3 and C20) are being used in multiple in vitro studies, however, the knowledge of their biological and immunological characteristics remains limited. Our aim was to identify and compare the biological changes in these immortalised immune cells under normal physiological and immunologically challenged conditions. Using high-resolution quantitative mass spectrometry, we have examined in-depth proteomic profiles of non-stimulated and LPS or IFN-γ challenged HMC3 and C20 cells. Our findings reveal that HMC3 cells responded to both treatments through upregulation of immune, metabolic, and antiviral pathways, while C20 cells showed a response associated with mitochondrial and immune activities. Additionally, the secretome analysis demonstrated that both cell lines release IL-6 in response to LPS, while IFN-γ treatment resulted in altered kynurenine pathway activity, highlighting distinct immune and metabolic adaptations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.