How much can we save by applying artificial intelligence in evidence synthesis? Results from a pragmatic review to quantify workload efficiencies and cost savings.

Introduction: Researchers are increasingly exploring the use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in evidence synthesis, a labor-intensive, time-consuming, and costly effort. This review explored and quantified the potential efficiency benefits of using automated tools as part of core evidence synthesis activities compared with human-led methods. Methods: We searched the MEDLINE and Embase databases for English-language articles published between 2012 and 14 November 2023, and hand-searched the ISPOR presentations database (2020-2023) for articles presenting quantitative results on workload efficiency in systematic literature reviews (SLR) when AI automation tools were utilized. Data on efficiencies (time- and cost-related) were collected. Results: We identified 25 eligible studies: 13 used machine learning, 10 used natural language processing, and once each used a systematic review automation tool and a non-specified AI tool. In 17 studies, a >50% time reduction was observed, with 5-to 6-fold decreases in abstract review time. When the number of abstracts reviewed was examined, decreases of 55%-64% were noted. Studies examining work saved over sampling at 95% recall reported 6- to 10-fold decreases in workload with automation. No studies quantified the economic impact associated with automation, although one study found that there was an overall labor reduction of >75% over manual methods during dual-screen reviews. Discussion: AI can reduce both workload and create time efficiencies when applied to evidence gathering efforts in SLRs. These improvements can facilitate the implementation of novel approaches in decision making that consider the real-life value of health technologies. Further research should quantify the economic impact of automation in SLRs.