ArticleParasites & vectors2025
Investigating the molecular mechanisms of deltamethrin resistance in Musca domestica populations from Saudi Arabia.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Abstract
backgroundThe house fly, Musca domestica L., is a global insect pest that poses serious health risks by carrying pathogens to humans and animals. Pyrethroid (PYR) insecticides have been widely used to control agricultural pests and disease vectors. Multiple reports have documented house fly resistance to PYR insecticides.
methodsIn this study, we assessed the resistance levels of M. domestica populations collected from slaughterhouses in Riyadh, Jeddah, and Taif, Saudi Arabia, against the PYR insecticide deltamethrin (DM). We also examined the genetic mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (Vssc) and P450 genes of the collected field flies and analyzed the correlation between these detected genetic mutations and the levels of DM resistance.
resultsThe house fly field populations showed very high levels of resistance to DM, with resistance ratio (RR) values of 625-, 256-, and 107-fold for Jeddah, Taif, and Riyadh, respectively. Three VSSC resistance alleles, kdr (T929 + 1014F), kdr-his (T929 + 1014H), and 1B (929I + 1014F), along with the susceptible allele (T929 + L1014) were identified in the Saudi house fly populations. The super-kdr allele (918 T + 1014F) and type N (D600N + M918T + L1014F) were not detected in Saudi house fly populations. Type 1B was the most dominant VSSC resistance allele, followed by kdr and kdr-his, in both field populations and the surviving flies exposed to DM. The resistance CYP6D1v1 allele of P450 was detected in slaughterhouse house fly populations of Riyadh, Jeddah, and Taif, with frequencies of 71%, 58%, and 60%, respectively. The VSSC resistance alleles exhibited a positive correlation with the resistance levels to DM; conversely, the CYP6D1v1 displayed a negative correlation with DM resistance levels.
conclusionsIn general, the Saudi house fly populations exhibited high genetic diversity, with three VSSC resistance alleles identified in slaughterhouse populations. The Vssc mutations appear to be the principal mechanism of DM resistance in Saudi house fly field populations. This study is the first report on the Vssc and CYP6D1 mutations associated with PYR resistance in M. domestica field populations from Saudi Arabia.
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