Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2025
Choline enhances elicited imitation memory performance in preschool children with prenatal alcohol exposure: a cumulative report of 3 randomized controlled trials.
Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Postnatal Choline Supplementation in Children With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Choline Supplementation as a Neurodevelopmental Intervention in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trial
- Choline status and related health outcomes in humans: A scoping review.Nutrition and health · 2026Article
- Choline, a nexus for neurocognitive nutrients: A narrative review.Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Review
- From teratogens to trajectories: Integrating teratology and Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) frameworks for a new take on fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD).Neurobiology of stress · 2026Article
- Review
- Choline in immunity: a key regulator of immune cell activation and function.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are associated with neurocognitive deficits for which there are no biological treatments. Choline supplementation may attenuate these deficits.
objectivesThis study was aimed to evaluate choline as a neurodevelopmental intervention for preschool-aged children with FASD.
methodsWe present combined data from 104 participants with FASD (aged 2.5-5.9 y) from 3 placebo randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Participants in RCT1 and RCT2 were randomly assigned to 9 mo choline (500 mg daily) or placebo. Participants in RCT3 were randomly assigned to 9 mo choline (19 mg/kg daily) or placebo. The primary outcome measure was an elicited imitation (EI) memory task.
resultsAdherence was high (78% doses received). Adverse effects were similar across groups except fishy body odor: choline group, 36%; placebo group, 8%. We observed a trend-level choline advantage; participants receiving choline performed 25% better on EI short-delay adjacent pairs (sequential memory) than those on placebo, with a steeper increase in scores between 6 and 9 mo (ŷ = -10.06; P = 0.03; 95% CI: -19.13, -0.99). No sex difference in response was seen, nor did we observe a dose-response relationship. Age-moderated response to choline between baseline and 9 mo (ŷ = 10.02; P = 0.01; 95% CI: 2.47, 17.57), with greater response in younger (≤4.2 y) than that in older (>4.2 y) participants. Overall, choline showed a beneficial effect on memory but no impact on executive functioning or intelligent quotient.
conclusionsThe results support choline as a neurodevelopmental intervention for improvement of memory in young children exposed to alcohol prenatally. Specifically, the use of choline bitartrate as a supplement in the range of 260-500 mg/d in children between 2.5 and 5.9 y of age is supported. Future studies are needed to further define appropriate dosage as well as optimal lengths and developmental windows for supplementation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01149538 and NCT02735473.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.