Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39955471›Full record

ReviewMolecular biotechnology2026

Polymerase Chain Reaction: A Toolbox for Molecular Discovery.

Syed Makhdoom Hussain, Aqsa Sharif, Fatima Bashir, Shafaqat Ali, Arshad Javid, Abdullah Ijaz Hussain, Abdul Ghafoor, Mohammad Ali Alshehri, Adan Naeem, Eman Naeem and 1 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Molecular biotechnology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Epidemiological investigation ofOpen veterinary journal · 2026
    Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Syed Makhdoom HussainFish Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan. drmakhdoomhussain@gcuf.edu.pk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5087-3887
Aqsa SharifFish Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan.
Fatima BashirFish Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan.
Shafaqat AliDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan. shafaqataligill@gcuf.edu.pk.
Arshad JavidWildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
Abdullah Ijaz HussainDepartment of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan.
Abdul GhafoorCenter for Water and Environmental Studies, King Faisal University, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
Mohammad Ali AlshehriDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, 71491, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
Adan NaeemFish Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan.
Eman NaeemFish Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan.
Muhammad AmjadFish Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, 38000, Pakistan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a revolutionary molecular tool, has transformed genetic studies by facilitating rapid DNA amplification. The PCR process relies on several key components: a DNA template or cDNA, two primers, Taq polymerase, nucleotides, and a buffer. These elements collectively facilitate the amplification process, which comprises three stages: denaturation, annealing, and extension. These stages are repeated in cycles to exponentially amplify the target DNA sequence. Furthermore, the power of PCR lies in its ability to generate exponential copies of target DNA in a remarkably short period. Moreover, various PCR techniques are available, encompassing traditional approaches like quantitative PCR, reverse transcription PCR, and nested PCR, as well as innovative methods such as extreme PCR, inverse PCR, and touchdown PCR. These techniques are extensively utilized in molecular, biological, and medical research laboratories for both research and diagnostic applications. This review explores a comprehensive overview of PCR, covering its history, underlying principles, and diverse applications in diagnostics, research, and drug development.

Indexed as

Polymerase Chain ReactionDNADNA PrimersHumansDNADNA PrimersDeoxyribonucleic acidDisease diagnosisDrug discoveryMutagenesisTaq polymerase

Identifiers

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.