ReviewBioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy2025
Primary and Acquired Resistance to Immunotherapy with Checkpoint Inhibitors in NSCLC: From Bedside to Bench and Back.
Review in BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Impact of microbiome-modulating strategies in cancer patients receiving immunotherapy (MSIT): A systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Pooled it
- Gut microbial signatures and immunotherapy outcomes in NSCLC and melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2026Pooled it
- Statins use and prognosis in lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: evidence from a meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical Validation of Tissue and Liquid Companion Diagnostics for BRAF V600E Detection in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers from the PHAROS Study.Cancer research communications · 2026Trial
- Tebentafusp (IMCgp100), a first in class immune-mobilizing monoclonal T-cell receptors against cancer (ImmTAC) for HLA-A*02:01 positive uveal melanoma: Product review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- The Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Journey: From Early Promise to Lasting Impact.Journal of immunotherapy and precision oncology · 2026Review
- Bispecific dual T cell agonist invikafusp alfa in solid tumors: the phase 1/2 START-001 trial.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Bridging BET bromodomain and immune checkpoint inhibitors through generative bioorganic frameworks for next-generation cancer immunotherapy.RSC medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Emotional distress and clinical response to neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in resectable non-small-cell lung cancer: a protocol for the prospective observational NeoFUSE-Lung cohort study.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Article
- Overcoming resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer: translational mechanisms, dynamic biomarkers, clinically actionable combination strategies, and comparative checkpoint biology.Immunologic research · 2026Review
- Research trends in cytokine regulation of immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a bibliometric and BERTopic analysis from 2015 to 2025.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Peripheral T-Cell Receptor β Repertoire Dynamics Correlate with Response to Anti-PD-L1 Therapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.Cancers · 2026Article
- Crosstalk Between Opioids and the Anti-Tumour Immune Checkpoint Axis.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Review
- Low-dose radiotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced malignancies: a real-world exploratory study.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Integrated hypoxia and metabolic gene signature to predict clinical outcomes and therapeutic vulnerabilities in lung adenocarcinoma.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy for Solid Tumors.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Article
- SPOCK1 acts as a negative regulator of ferroptosis in non-small cell lung cancer.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Article
- Prior curative-intent treatment strategy affects progression outcomes of first-line immunotherapy in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: A retrospective cohort study.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Article
- Defining the tumor microenvironment of non-small cell lung cancer.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has become the cornerstone of systemic treatment for non-oncogene addicted non-small-cell lung cancer. Despite its pivotal role, a significant proportion of patients-approximately 70-85%-either exhibit primary resistance to PD-1 blockade or develop acquired resistance following an initial benefit, even in combination with chemotherapy and/or anti-CTLA-4 agents. The phenomenon of primary and acquired resistance to immunotherapy represents a critical clinical challenge, largely based on our incomplete understanding of the mechanisms of action of immunotherapy, and the resulting lack of accurate predictive biomarkers. Here, we review the definitions and explore the proposed mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance, including those related to the tumor microenvironment, systemic factors, and intrinsic tumor characteristics. We also discuss translational data on adaptive changes within tumor cells and the immune infiltrate following exposure to checkpoint inhibitors. Lastly, we offer a comprehensive overview of current and emerging therapeutic strategies designed to prevent primary resistance and counteract acquired resistance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.