ArticleBMC nursing2025
The effect of the Tai Chi intervention on self-esteem and self-confidence perception in adult populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Article in BMC nursing, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Effects of traditional Chinese mind-body exercises on depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults: a multilevel meta-analysis with exploratory dose-response and machine learning analyses.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- The relationship between Tai Chi practice, Psychological Resilience, and depression in older adults: an integrated study of mediation and network analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Targeted exercise interventions on stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders in PhD students.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- The impact of Tai Chi on emotional regulation efficacy and subjective wellbeing in the elderly and the mediating mechanism.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSelf-esteem is a psychological outcome that is positively related to mental and psychological health, one of the most important elements in nursing. Developing strategies for self-esteem promotion is therefore of great importance in nursing practice. Previous reviews suggested that exercise interventions such as Tai Chi practice may confer both mental and physical benefits in humans, but reviews on the effect of Tai Chi exercise on self-esteem of adults are lacking. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Tai Chi interventions in promoting self-esteem among adults.
methodsWe included randomized controlled trials that investigated Tai Chi interventions in adults, where self-esteem and/or self-confidence were reported as outcomes. The literature search was conducted in ten electronic databases. Two independent reviewers performed abstract and full-text screening using Covidence. These reviewers also independently extracted data from the included studies, and conducted critical appraisal of their methodological quality, using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB2).
resultsEleven studies were included in the review, of which all were rated as having high risk of bias or some concerns in their methodological quality. Our meta-analysis demonstrated that Tai Chi intervention can significantly improve self-esteem among adults, where the post-intervention self-esteem score was higher among the intervention participants compared to the controls (standardized mean difference: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.18-0.74; p = 0.001). Sensitivity analyses by excluding studies not reporting data using means and standard deviations revealed similar findings. One study also showed a positive effect of Tai Chi intervention on self-confidence perception.
conclusionsTai Chi interventions have a moderately positive effect on self-esteem among adults. Tai Chi exercise classes could be a potential strategy to implement within communities, especially among individuals in higher need to improve their self-esteem such as older adults and patients having chronic illnesses that have detrimental effects on their psychological well-being. However, given the high risk of bias in most studies, caution is advised before recommending widespread implementation. Further high-quality research, including qualitative studies exploring how Tai Chi can improve self-esteem, is needed to strengthen the evidence base.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.