ReviewFrontiers in neuroendocrinology2025
Sex/gender differences in the clinical trajectory of Alzheimer's disease: Insights into diagnosis and cognitive reserve.
Review in Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Elevated temporal tau PET predicts faster cognitive decline in women than men: A meta-analysis.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Pooled it
- Top five Alzheimer Disease trial eligibility criteria favor men compared to women in a clinic-based cohort.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Observational
- Sleep complaints and genetic risk of Alzheimer's disease in older women: associations with memory and tau deposition.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Article
- Tau-PET and CSF MTBR-tau243 comparisons validate increased tau aggregation in females.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- Considerations in Alzheimer's Disease in Women.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Sex differences in brain glucose metabolism and Alzheimer's disease risk and progression.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- AI guided discovery of a murine model of asymptomatic Alzheimer's disease.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2026Article
- System changes to empower primary care in Alzheimer's disease detection and care.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Evaluating sex and gender as separate and interactive predictors of memory aging trajectory classes: an integrative data-driven approach.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Review
- Interpretable machine learning for cognitive impairment assessment: integration of clinical and radiomic white matter hyperintensities features.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- The gut-brain axis in Alzheimer's disease: early detection, microbial metabolites, mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Review
- Longitudinal investigation of spatial memory and retinal parameters in a 5xFAD model of Alzheimer's disease reveals differences dependent on genotype and sex.Biomedical optics express · 2026Article
- Sex hormones in the nucleus incertus: a novel perspective on sex/gender differences in memory and mood dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and related sex differences.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
- A comparison between seven scales of neuropsychological assessments for cognitive impairment screening in Chinese older population: a cross-sectional study in Chongqing, China.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Fecal short-chain fatty acids vary by sex and amyloid status.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Gender Differences in the Effects of Exercise Interventions on Alzheimer's Disease.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Beyond traditional proxies: the contribution of leisure to cognitive reserve and dementia.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- A Bayesian analysis of diagnostic timelines across Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and other neurodegenerative conditions.Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The two-times higher prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in females versus males is well-known; however, there are also sex/gender differences in clinical presentation and diagnostic accuracy that are less examined but equally important to understand in terms of improving early detection, intervention and disease tracking in each sex/gender. This review explores how these disparities in clinical presentation manifest across the AD continuum, with a focus on the earlier stages of preclinical AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We summarize evidence indicating that female's verbal memory advantage may mask early cognitive decline, leading to delayed MCI diagnosis and limiting opportunities for early intervention. Conversely, females demonstrate steeper cognitive decline at later disease stages compared to males. These patterns align with the cognitive reserve theory, suggesting female's verbal memory strength may act as a domain-specific resilience factor. Lastly, this review emphasizes the need for sex-sensitive diagnostic tools to improve early detection accuracy and equity in clinical practice.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.