Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39951359›Full record

ArticleThe American journal of gastroenterology2025

Molecular Triggers of Non-celiac Wheat Sensitivity: A Scoping Review and Analysis.

Christine An, Jimin Yang, M Ines Pinto-Sanchez, Elena F Verdu, Benjamin Lebwohl, Peter H Green, Armin Alaedini

Abstract readScoping Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The American journal of gastroenterology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Christine AnInstitute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.ORCID 0009-0005-4908-2398
Jimin YangHealth Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9829-6916
M Ines Pinto-SanchezDepartment of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Elena F VerduDepartment of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Benjamin LebwohlDivision of Digestive & Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Peter H GreenDivision of Digestive & Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
Armin AlaediniInstitute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5776-8585

Funding

Clinical and Translational Science AwardUL1TR000040 · NCATS · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI GINSBERG, HENRY N · 2012 to 2015
$26.2M
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000040
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionNonceliac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) is characterized by a symptomatic response to the ingestion of foods containing wheat and related cereal grains in the absence of celiac disease or wheat allergy. Despite efforts to identify the constituent component(s) of wheat responsible for triggering NCWS, no consensus has emerged, leading to competing claims. We aimed to systematically evaluate the literature and provide an evidence-based conclusion on the contribution of specific wheat components to NCWS.

methodsA comprehensive search of multiple bibliographic databases was conducted, focusing on primary research. Data were systematically analyzed, and methodological gaps were identified.

resultsThe search identified 175 unique citations, revealing 3 categories of compounds frequently considered as potential triggers of NCWS: gluten, fermentable carbohydrates, and amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs). Among 16 double-blind placebo-controlled studies, 8 reported a greater symptomatic response to gluten than the control. Only 1 controlled study examined fermentable carbohydrates, finding a modest effect, but the tested carbohydrates were not derived from wheat. No eligible studies assessed ATIs or other wheat-related compounds as potential NCWS triggers. Across studies, significant limitations and methodological inconsistencies were noted, particularly in participant selection, challenge protocols, and data reporting. DISCUSSION: Gluten is the most extensively investigated wheat component linked to NCWS, but evidence for its role is inconsistent and undermined by methodological limitations. No direct evidence currently links wheat fermentable carbohydrates, ATIs, or other components to NCWS symptoms. The existing evidence is insufficient to justify restricting specific components of wheat in the management of NCWS. Future studies must overcome the identified gaps to rigorously investigate the role of wheat and related cereals in NCWS, with the potential to advance diagnosis and treatment.

Indexed as

Dietary CarbohydratesGlutensTriticumWheat HypersensitivityAmylasesFermentationHumansTrypsin InhibitorsAmylasesDietary CarbohydratesGlutensTrypsin InhibitorsATIceliac diseaseFODMAPfood challengeglutengluten sensitivityglyphosatenonceliac wheat sensitivityscoping review

Identifiers

PMID39951359
PMCPMC12264028

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.