Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39951212›Full record

ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2026

Atypical Resting-State EEG Graph Metrics of Network Efficiency Across Development in Autism and Their Association with Social Cognition: Results from the LEAP Study.

E de Jonge, P Garcés, A de Bildt, Y Groen, E J H Jones, L Mason, R J Holt, H Hayward, D Murphy, B Oakley and 12 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors.

E de JongeDepartment of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry & Accare Child Study Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Lübeckweg 2, 9723 HE, Groningen, The Netherlands. e.de.jonge@umcg.nl.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0003-5631-1473
P GarcésRoche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland.
A de BildtDepartment of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry & Accare Child Study Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Lübeckweg 2, 9723 HE, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Y GroenDepartment of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands.
E J H JonesCentre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, 32 Torrington Square, London, WC1E 7JL, UK.
L MasonDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
R J HoltDepartment of Psychiatry, Autism Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.
H HaywardDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
D MurphyDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
B OakleyDepartment of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
T CharmanDepartment of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
J AhmadSchool of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, SE10 9LS, England.
S Baron-CohenDepartment of Psychiatry, Autism Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.
M H JohnsonCentre for Brain & Cognitive Development, University of London, London, WC1E 7HX, England.
T BanaschewskiMedical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
S DurstonDeptartment of Psychiatry, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
B OranjeCenter for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Copenhagen University Hospital-Mental Health Services CPH, Glostrup, Denmark.
S BölteDepartment of Women's and Children's Health, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
J BuitelaarDepartment of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition & Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands.
EU-AIMS LEAP group
P J HoekstraDepartment of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry & Accare Child Study Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Lübeckweg 2, 9723 HE, Groningen, The Netherlands.
A DietrichDepartment of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry & Accare Child Study Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Lübeckweg 2, 9723 HE, Groningen, The Netherlands.

Funding

European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking 777394Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking 115300
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Autism has been associated with differences in functional brain network organization. However, the exact nature of these differences across development compared to non-autistic individuals and their relationship to autism-related social cognition, remains unclear. This study first aimed to identify EEG resting-state network characteristics in autistic versus non-autistic children, adolescents, and adults. Second, we investigated associations with social cognition measures. Analyzing resting-state EEG data from the EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project, we compared network metrics (global efficiency, clustering coefficient, and small-worldness) between 344 autistic and non-autistic individuals within and across age groups in four frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, and beta). If significant, we explored their relationships to measures of empathy (empathy quotient), complex emotion recognition [reading the mind in the eyes task (RMET)], and theory of mind (animated shapes task). Compared to their non-autistic peers, autistic adolescents showed lower alpha global efficiency, while autistic adults showed lower alpha clustering and small-worldness. No network differences were observed among children. In adolescents, higher long-range integration was tentatively associated with higher RMET scores; in those with high autistic traits, higher long-range integration related to fewer parent-reported empathic behaviors. No brain-behavior relationships were observed in adults. Our findings suggest subtle differences in network topology between autistic and non-autistic individuals, with less efficient long-range efficiency during adolescence, and less local and overall network efficiency in adulthood. Furthermore, long-range integration may play a role in complex emotion recognition and empathy difficulties associated with autism in adolescence.

Indexed as

Autism Spectrum DisorderAutistic DisorderBrainElectroencephalographyNerve NetSocial CognitionAdolescentAdultChildEmpathyFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleTheory of MindYoung AdultAutism spectrum disorderEEGGraph theoryResting stateSocial cognition

Identifiers

PMID39951212
PMCPMC13346277

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.