ReviewFrontiers in endocrinology2024
Ultrasound and histopathological assessment of benign, borderline, and malignant thyroid tumors in pediatric patients: an illustrative review and literature overview.
Review in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- [Differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents].Problemy endokrinologii · 2026Article
- The correlation between fine needle aspiration diagnosis and postoperative histopathological results of pediatric thyroid nodules based on the Bethesda system.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Assessment of risk factors and ultrasonographic characteristics for the differentiation between malignant and benign thyroid nodules in Beni-Suef governorate, Egypt.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Article
- Article
- Assessment of Ultrasound-Controlled Diagnostic Methods for Thyroid Lesions and Their Associated Costs in a Tertiary University Hospital in Spain.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Multimodal spectrum of approach in poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (an updated analysis).Romanian journal of morphology and embryology = Revue roumaine de morphologie et embryologieReview
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10 authors.
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Abstract
Background: The risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules is higher in children than in adults, often necessitating a more aggressive endocrine and surgical approach. However, given that not all solid thyroid nodules are malignant, a more conservative approach may also be appropriate in certain cases. Objective: This study aims to present an illustrative analysis of the pathological foundations underlying the sonographic appearance of benign, borderline, and malignant thyroid nodules in the pediatric population at a single tertiary thyroid center. Methods: A total of 47 well-documented pediatric patients referred for thyroid surgery between 2010 and 2023 were analyzed. This retrospective assessment included an examination of demographic data, hormonal profiles, ultrasound findings, and histopathology reports. Results: Ultrasound and histopathology of thyroid nodules provided insights into subgroup differentiation. Benign nodules like dyshormonogenetic goiter showed solid hypoechoic features on ultrasound and dense fibrosis on histopathology, while thyroid follicular nodular disease exhibited isoechoic nodules with halos, histologically revealing dilated follicles. In borderline tumors, well-differentiated tumor of uncertain malignant potential (WDT-UMP) nodules were hypo/hyperechoic with occasional capsular invasion, resembling papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) features histologically. Non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) appeared as well-defined hypoechoic nodules with a hypoechoic rim, with histology showing follicular architecture and PTC nuclear features, but no invasion. Follicular tumor of uncertain malignant potential (FT-UMP) displayed hypo/hyperechoic patterns and indistinct borders, with uncertain capsular invasion and no PTC nuclear features. Malignant lesions showed distinct patterns: PTC as hypoechoic, irregular nodules with mixed vascularization, follicular thyroid carcinoma as large, hyperechoic nodules with invasive features, and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) as heterogeneous hypoechoic masses. Conclusion: Because of the significant overlap in sonographic features among benign, borderline, and certain malignant thyroid lesions in pediatric patients, ultrasonography alone is insufficient for accurate risk stratification. This overlap necessitates referrals for fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in children more frequently than in adults. Future studies utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) to predict clinical outcomes in thyroid nodule diagnostics may offer new advancements, particularly given the increasing number of pediatric patients with solid thyroid lesions.
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