The concept of dysplasia in the lining of odontogenic keratocyst: A case report and review of the literature.

Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is an uncommon developmental cyst with a high recurrence rate. Epithelial dysplasia is a rarely recognized phenomenon in OKCs, with only a few acceptable cases reported in the literature. The exact pathogenesis of dysplastic changes in epithelial lining is difficult to explain, in the absence of molecular analyses. Here, we report a rare case of maxillary OKC with multiple cystic compartments displaying epithelial dysplasia in a 62-year-old man with immunohistochemical analyses and a comprehensive review of the literature. It may be prudent to believe that the aggressive behaviour in the epithelial lining of OKC is an inherent property of all OKCs, which is only dictated by the epithelium but is also determined by the stromal cells of the cyst wall; the dysplastic changes, however, could be resultant to chronic inflammatory reaction and inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis mechanism. It is recommended that the dysplastic features in the epithelial lining of all odontogenic cysts must be addressed in all pathology reports along with close clinical follow-up.