ArticleCureus2025
The Remineralization Potential of Fluoride, Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate, and Chicken Eggshell on Enamel Lesions: An In Vitro Study.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Chicken eggshell paste versus CPP-ACP for enamel remineralization: a pilot in vitro study using micro-computed tomography.The Saudi dental journal · 2026Article
- Effects of Acid Etching and Bleaching on Enamel Stain Retention From Turmeric and Coffee: An In Vitro Study.Cureus · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background and objective The effectiveness of various remineralizing agents, including fluoride varnish, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), and chicken eggshell powder (CESP), in improving enamel surface microhardness (SMH) is of clinical interest. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate and compare SMH changes in the enamel after treatment with these agents. Materials and methods An in vitro study was conducted in which 40 human premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were sectioned into four enamel sections, which were randomly allocated into four groups: group A (fluoride varnish), group B (CPP-ACP cream), group C (CESP), and group D (control). Group A was treated with a thin layer of fluoride varnish (MI Varnish®, GC Corp., Tokyo, Japan), which was left to absorb for 20 s before air drying. Group B specimens were treated with CPP-ACP cream (GC Tooth Mousse®; GC Corp.) for at least three minutes. Group C received CESP application to the enamel surface, which was allowed to absorb for five minutes. Group D (the control group) did not receive any surface treatment. Artificial carious lesions were induced using a demineralization solution and pH cycling for five days. The treated samples were stored in artificial saliva for 21 days at 37 °C. The SMH was assessed using a Vickers microhardness tester at baseline, post-demineralization, and post-treatment. Statistical analyses included paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey's post-hoc test. Results After demineralization, SMH significantly decreased in all groups (p<0.05). After treatment with various remineralizing agents, groups A, B, and C demonstrated significant improvement in SMH compared to the control group (p<0.05). Group C exhibited the greatest improvement in SMH, followed by groups A and B. The difference in the SMH between the treatment groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusions All three remineralizing agents effectively increased SMH, with CESP showing superior results. Fluoride varnish and CPP-ACP also demonstrated substantial remineralization potential. Further in vivo studies are required to validate these findings in a clinical setting.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.