Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39948519›Full record

ArticleBMC public health2025

Association of cigarette use with risk of prostate cancer among US males: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 1999-2020.

Xiangwei Yang, Hong Chen, Junfu Zhang, Shiqiang Zhang, Yongda Socrates Wu, Jun Pang

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Association between periodontal disease and prostate disease: a mini review.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Xiangwei Yang *Department of Urology, Kidney and Urology Center, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 628 Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen, China.
Hong Chen *The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Junfu ZhangDepartment of Urology, Kidney and Urology Center, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 628 Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen, China.
Shiqiang ZhangDepartment of Urology, Kidney and Urology Center, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 628 Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen, China.
Yongda Socrates WuChildren's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada. YoWu@cheo.on.ca.
Jun PangDepartment of Urology, Kidney and Urology Center, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 628 Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen, China. pangjun2@mail.sysu.edu.cn.

Funding

Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen SZSM202011011
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAssociation of cigarette use with risk of prostate cancer remains unclear. We performed this study to examine whether cigarette use is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer.

methodsThis cross-sectional study used data from the 1999 to 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a population-based nationally representative survey designed to assess the health and nutritional status of US adults and children. Males were eligible if they were aged ≥ 20 years at the time of participation. Cigarette use (ever use, categorized into former use and current use) was defined as having smoked at least 100 cigarettes in life. Smoking duration, cigarettes smoked per day, and smoking pack-years were calculated in former smokers and current smokers. The primary outcome was self-reported diagnosis of prostate cancer by participants. Logistic regression was used to calculate the adjusted odd ratios (aOR) and 95% CI for the associations of cigarette use with risk of prostate cancer, adjusting for demographic characteristics. Subgroup analyses by age group were conducted. Data were analyzed from June 4 to November 30, 2023.

resultsOf the 107 622 participants in 1999-2020 NHANES, 28 170 were included in the analysis. The mean (SD) age of the 28 170 participants was 46.4 (16.4) years, 68.0% were non-Hispanic White. Compared with never smokers, ever (aOR, 2.41 [95% CI, 1.15-5.06]) and former smokers (aOR, 3.56 [95% CI, 1.62-7.85]) had a higher risk of prostate cancer. This higher risk in former (aOR, 3.82 [95% CI, 1.69-8.64]) and ever smokers (aOR, 2.82 [95% CI, 1.27-6.25]) was also found in participants aged 20-59 years. Dose-response analysis showed a positive association between smoking duration (aOR, 1.07 [95% CI, 1.03-1.11]), cigarettes smoked per day (aOR, 1.03 [95% CI, 1.00-1.07]), smoking pack-years (aOR, 1.02 [95% CI, 1.01-1.03]) and risk of prostate cancer in current smokers.

conclusionsThis study suggests that cigarette use was associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer in US males, especially among those aged 20-59 years. Further research utilizing prospective study design and modeling family history is needed to confirm the findings.

Indexed as

Cigarette SmokingProstatic NeoplasmsAdultAgedCross-Sectional StudiesHumansMaleMiddle AgedNutrition SurveysRisk FactorsUnited StatesYoung AdultCigarette useCross-sectionalNHANESProstate cancerRisk

Identifiers

PMID39948519
PMCPMC11827229

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.