Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39944953›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2025

Caffeinated chewing gum enhances maximal strength and muscular endurance during bench press and back squat exercises in resistance-trained men.

Li Ding, Jue Liu, Yi Yao, Li Guo, Bin Chen, Yinhang Cao, Olivier Girard

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Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
11citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

11 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Li Ding *School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
Jue Liu *Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Yi YaoSchool of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
Li GuoSchool of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
Bin ChenDepartment of Public Physical Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
Yinhang CaoSchool of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
Olivier GirardSchool of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Caffeinated chewing gum, known for its rapid absorption, has not been previously studied for its effects on maximal strength and muscular endurance in resistance exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of caffeinated chewing gum on maximal strength and muscular endurance during bench press and back squat exercises. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind design, 16 resistance-trained males (age: 21.6 ± 2.0 years, height: 176.8 ± 6.1 cm, mass: 79.6 ± 8.8 kg) chewed either caffeinated gum (3 mg/kg) or a placebo gum on two occasions, 1 week apart. After a standardized warm-up, participants chewed the gum for 5 min before performing maximal strength test (one-repetition maximum [1RM]) and muscular endurance test (60% 1RM repetitions to failure) for bench press and back squat exercises. 1RM, number of repetitions, ratings of perceived exertion and pain perception were assessed. Results: Caffeinated chewing gum significantly improved 1RM in both bench press (105.3 ± 14.5 vs. 100.3 ± 13.4 kg, +5.0% [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.7-6.3%], Discussion: Caffeinated chewing gum (3 mg/kg) improved both maximal strength and muscular endurance during bench press and back squat exercises in resistance-trained men. This approach offers a practical and time-efficient method to improve training performance while minimizing the risk of side effects.

Indexed as

caffeineergogenic aidnutritional supplementone-maximum repetitionrepetitions to failure

Identifiers

PMID39944953
PMCPMC11813785

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.