ArticleHeliyon2025
Optimal rainwater harvesting locations for arid and semi-arid regions by using MCDM-based GIS techniques.
Article in Heliyon, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Fractional orthopair fuzzy decision framework for sustainable water resource management in urban areas.Scientific reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2025-11-12Concerns/Issues about Referencing/Attributions · Investigation by Journal/Publisher · Objections by Author(s) · Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions ·
- Retracted
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Rainwater collection and effective water resource management are essential for boosting water availability, land productivity, and groundwater levels in dry places like Iraq, which is susceptible to climate change and drought. This work develops a GIS-based rainfall harvesting (RWH) method in the western Karbala Governorate, Iraq, to address water shortages and future groundwater replenishment and irrigation demands. LARS-WG 8 was used to study how climate change affects rainfall in Karbala to assess whether rainwater collection is feasible and sustainable. The research found that annual rainfall in the Karbala governorate would grow by 18%-24 % in the 21st century, highlighting the necessity of rainwater collection for water resource sustainability. Themed RWH layers were created using ArcGIS software and the multi-criteria decision-making technique. The Analytic Hierarchy Process determined tier weights based on seven factors. Based on literature, local experts, and statistics, rainfall, curve number, slope, stream order, soil texture, land use, and runoff depth were considered. The consistency ratio of 2.6 % validated the comparison component weights and showed that each criterion was appropriately weighted. The most RWH weights (47 % total) were rainfall and runoff depth. The map classified RWH areas as high, medium, or low appropriateness. Results indicated the three groups were uniformly distributed. The results appeared; study area lands have 34.4 % (745 km
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.