ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Infants Display Anticipatory Gaze During a Motor Contingency Paradigm.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundExamining visual behavior during a motor learning paradigm can enhance our understanding of how infants learn motor skills. The aim of this study was to determine if infants who learned a contingency visually anticipated the outcomes of their behavior.
methods15 infants (6-9 months of age) participated in a contingency learning paradigm. When an infant produced a right leg movement, a robot provided reinforcement by clapping. Three types of visual gaze events were identified: predictive, reactive, and not looking. An exploratory analysis examined the trends in visual-motor behavior that can be used to inform future questions and practices in contingency learning studies.
resultsAll classically defined learners visually anticipated robot activation at greater than random chance (W = 21;
conclusionsFindings suggest that most learners displayed visual anticipation withing the first minutes of performing the paradigm. Further, the classical definition of learning a contingency paradigm in infants can be sharpened to further the design of contingency learning studies and advance the processes infants use to learn motor skills.
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