ReviewAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2025
Skin Appendage Proteins of Tetrapods: Building Blocks of Claws, Feathers, Hair and Other Cornified Epithelial Structures.
Review in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evolution of an amphibian-specific family of epidermal differentiation-associated genes.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- The Epithelial Egg Tooth of the Chicken Shares Protein Markers with the Embryonic Subperiderm and Feathers.Journal of developmental biology · 2025Article
- The metamorphic transition of the frog mouth: from tadpole keratinized mouthparts to adult teeth.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- Cornified Epithelial Teeth of Jawless Vertebrates Contain Proteins Similar to Keratin-Associated Proteins of Mammalian Skin Appendages.Journal of developmental biology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Reptiles, birds, mammals and amphibians, together forming the clade tetrapods, have a large diversity of cornified skin appendages, such as scales, feathers, hair and claws. The skin appendages consist of dead epithelial cells that are tightly packed with specific structural proteins. Here, we review the molecular diversity and expression patterns of major types of skin appendage proteins, namely keratin intermediate filament proteins, keratin-associated proteins (KRTAPs) and proteins encoded by genes of the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC), including corneous beta-proteins, also known as beta-keratins. We summarize the current knowledge about the components of skin appendages with a focus on keratins and EDC proteins that have recently been identified in reptiles and birds. We discuss gaps of knowledge and suggest directions of future research.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
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