ArticleMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Chemical Biology Meets Metabolomics: The Response of Barley Seedlings to 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic Acid, a Resistance Inducer.
Article in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Advances in combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput screening methods have led to renewed interest in synthetic plant immunity activators as well as priming agents. 3,5-Dichloroanthranilic acid (3,5-DCAA) is a derivative of anthranilic acid that has shown potency in activating defence mechanisms in Arabidopsis and barley. Chemical biology, which is the interface of chemistry and biology, can make use of metabolomic approaches and tools to better understand molecular mechanisms operating in complex biological systems. Here we report on the untargeted metabolomic profiling of barley seedlings treated with 3,5-DCAA to gain deeper insights into the mechanism of action of this resistance inducer. Histochemical analysis revealed the production of reactive oxygen species in the leaves upon 3,5-DCAA infiltration. Subsequently, methanolic extracts from different time periods (12, 24, and 36 h post-treatment) were analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to a high-resolution mass spectrometer. Both unsupervised and supervised chemometric methods were used to reveal hidden patterns and highlight metabolite variables associated with the treatment. Based on the metabolites identified, both the phenylpropanoid and octadecanoid pathways appear to be main routes activated by 3,5-DCAA. Different classes of responsive metabolites were annotated with flavonoids, more specifically flavones, which were the most dominant. Given the limited understanding of this inducer, this study offers a metabolomic analysis of the response triggered by its foliar application in barley. This additional insight could help make informed decisions for the development of more effective strategies for crop protection and improvement, ultimately contributing to crop resilience and agricultural sustainability.
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