ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Cancer Stem Cells and the Renin-Angiotensin System in the Tumor Microenvironment of Melanoma: Implications on Current Therapies.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Signaling pathway mechanisms in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumor microenvironment and emerging targeting strategies for improved prognosis.Oncology reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Targeting Peptidergic Systems for Melanoma Treatment.Cancers · 2026Review
- BRAF inhibitor resistance in melanoma: from resistance mechanisms to therapeutic innovations.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Epigenetics of Malignant Melanoma: Mechanisms, Diagnostic Approaches and Therapeutic Applications.Oncology research · 2026Review
- PI3 K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its role in breast cancer stem cells.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Advances in Understanding Renin-Angiotensin System-Mediated Anti-Tumor Activity of Natural Polyphenols.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Article
- Frontiers in thoracic oncology: new breakthroughs in molecular targets and immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Glomerular disease associated with cancer: a case series of paraneoplastic nephrotic syndrome.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple signaling pathways are dysregulated in melanoma, notably the Ras/RAF/MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways, which can be targeted therapeutically. The high immunogenicity of melanoma has been exploited using checkpoint inhibitors. Whilst targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors have improved the survival of patients with advanced melanoma, treatment resistance, their side effect profiles, and the prohibitive cost remain a challenge, and the survival outcomes remain suboptimal. Treatment resistance has been attributed to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subpopulation of pluripotent, highly tumorigenic cells proposed to drive cancer progression, recurrence, metastasis, and treatment resistance. CSCs reside within the tumor microenvironment (TME) regulated by the immune system, and the paracrine renin-angiotensin system, which is expressed in many cancer types, including melanoma. This narrative review discusses the role of CSCs and the paracrine renin-angiotensin system in the melanoma TME, and its implications on the current treatment of advanced melanoma with targeted therapy and immune checkpoint blockers. It also highlights the regulation of the Ras/RAF/MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways by the renin-angiotensin system via pro-renin receptors, and how this may relate to CSCs and treatment resistance, underscoring the potential for improving the efficacy of targeted therapy and immunotherapy by concurrently modulating the renin-angiotensin system.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.