ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Innate Immunity in Insects: The Lights and Shadows of Phenoloxidase System Activation.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- The C-type lectin AcCTL5 fromVirulence · 2026Article
- Multifunctional lysozymes from the assassin bug Sycanus bifidus: Insecticidal proteins with anticoagulant and melanization inhibition properties.Pest management science · 2026Article
- Insecticidal and immunotoxic actions of 2-octenoic acid in the green bottle fly Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae).Medical and veterinary entomology · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic analysis reveals members and expression characteristics of innate immunity genes in Chinese scorpion Mesobuthus martensii.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Comparative genomics reveal signatures of ecological specialization in the striped ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Antifungal and Therapeutic Evaluation of l- and d‑Enantiomers of a Plant Defensin-Inspired Peptide againstACS omega · 2026Article
- 6-Methoxyluteolin from the Invasive PlantInsects · 2026Article
- When Small Meets Smaller: Immune Modulation and Virulence Strategies in Insect-Bacteria Interactions.Insects · 2026Review
- TmKayak functions as an effector of Jun N-terminal kinase pathway to modulate immune responses in Tenebrio molitor.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Insect immunity unveiled: exploring the molecular and cellular defenses against microbial threats.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Entomopathogenic NematodeToxins · 2026Article
- The Relative Contributions ofInsects · 2026Article
- Identification of Oral Secretion Proteins inInsects · 2026Article
- The role of a viral symbiont in the thermal mismatch of host-parasitoid interactions.The Journal of experimental biology · 2026Article
- Biocontrol Mechanisms of a ChineseInsects · 2026Article
- Sand Substrate Thickness Regulates Growth Performance, Intestinal Antioxidant Defense, and Gut Microbiota in an Experimental Culture ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Protein-biased diets enhance immune responses but increase fungal susceptibility in desert locusts.The Journal of experimental biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Muscling in on immunity: the role of muscle in the insect immune response, demonstrating the value of a whole organism perspective.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immunity: defense against infections essential for all living organisms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Melanogenesis and melanin deposition are processes essential for the effective immune response of insects to various invaders. Phenoloxidase (PO), produced in specialized cells as an inactive precursor prophenoloxidase (proPO), is the key enzyme for melanin formation. The precursor is activated via limited proteolysis by a dedicated serine proteinase, which is the final element in the cascade of serine proteinases (SPs) that make up the PO system. Melanogenesis provides different cytotoxic molecules active in fighting infections, as well as melanin, which is important for sequestration of invaders. However, since the cytotoxic reactive compounds generated during melanization also pose a threat to host cells, strict control of the PO system is necessary for host self-protection. Different pathogens and parasites influence the PO system and melanization through various strategies, which allow them to survive and develop in the host insect body. In this review, we characterize "the lights and shadows" of PO system activation, indicating, on one hand, its advantages as an efficient and effective mechanism of the insect immune response and, on the other hand, the dangers for the insect host associated with the improper functioning of this system and selected strategies for regulating its activity by entomopathogenic organisms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.