ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Immune Cell Interactions and Immune Checkpoints in the Tumor Microenvironment of Gastric Cancer.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prognostic implications of PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published between 2018 and 2025.BMC cancer · 2026Pooled it
- Article
- Precision oncology in gastric cancer: navigating molecular subtypes, therapeutic targets, and future horizons.Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2026Review
- Comprehensive Overview of Gastric Cancer Immunohistochemistry: Key Biomarkers, Advanced Detection Methods, and Perspectives.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- FOXP3Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Correlation Between SII and Lymphocyte Subsets in Gastric Cancer Patients and Its Prognostic Importance.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- Adverse Outcome Pathway 298: Increase in Reactive Oxygen Species Leading to Human Treatment-Resistant Gastric Cancer.Cancers · 2026Article
- Integrative analysis identified the key role of LAG3 in T cell exhaustion in glioma.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Next-Generation Immune Checkpoints and Tumor Microenvironment Modulation in Cancer Immunotherapy.Journal of immunology research · 2026Review
- Lipid metabolism and the immune microenvironment in gastric cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- A Retrospective Cohort Study Assessing the Prognostic Significance of Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) in Gastric Cancer in the Indian Population.Iranian journal of pathology · 2026Article
- Research on the Mechanism of "Cold Tumor" Formation and Immunotherapy for Its Transformation into "Hot Tumor".Oncology research · 2026Review
- Oncolytic adenovirus encoding a TGF-β inhibitor synergizes with PD-1 blockade to potentiate NK cell cytotoxicity against NSCLC.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Activation of cGAS-STING Pathway by DAI-Triggered Ferroptosis in CRC Cells Reprograms TAMs Balance to Promote Anti-Tumor Immunity.Cancer science · 2025Article
- Cervical cancer molecular subtype identification and prognosis classification by a metabolism-related gene expression.Translational cancer research · 2025Article
- Comprehensive Analysis of SIGLEC-15 and PD-L1 Expression Identifies Distinct Prognostic Profiles in Gastric Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Targeting the Purinergic Axis with Phenolic Compounds to Disrupt the Oxidative-Inflammatory Cycle in Thyroid Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Correspondence: Highlighting the importance of immune system changes induced by physical activity and green tea in cancer management.Cancer cell international · 2025Article
- Prognostic Impact of Klintrup-Mäkinen (KM) Score in Gastric Cancer and Its Association with Pathological Parameters.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) ranks as the fifth most prevalent malignant neoplasm globally, with an increased death rate despite recent advancements in research and therapeutic options. Different molecular subtypes of GC have distinct interactions with the immune system, impacting the tumor microenvironment (TME), prognosis, and reaction to immunotherapy. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the TME are crucial for preventing tumor growth and metastasis, as evidenced by research showing that patients with GC who have a significant density of TILs have better survival rates. But cancer cells have evolved a variety of mechanisms to evade immune surveillance, both sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 15 (Siglec-15) and Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) playing a pivotal role in the development of an immunosuppressive TME. They prevent T cell activation and proliferation resulting in a decrease in the immune system's capacity to recognize and eliminate malignant cells. These immune checkpoint molecules function via different but complementary mechanisms, the expression of Siglec-15 being mutually exclusive with PD-L1 and, therefore, providing a different therapeutic approach. The review explores how TILs affect tumor growth and patient outcomes in GC, with particular emphasis on their interactions within the TME and potential targeting of the PD-L1 and Siglec-15 pathways for immunotherapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.