ReviewNutrients2025
Fetal Growth Restriction and Its Metabolism-Related Long-Term Outcomes-Underlying Mechanisms and Clinical Implications.
Review in Nutrients, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Early in, early out: reproductive lifespan timing and cardiometabolic risk in women.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Review
- Relationship Between Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index, Gestational Weight Gain, and Perinatal Outcomes Among Women Delivering at a General Hospital, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Nature vs nurture of glucose homeostasis trajectories in children from the ALSPAC study.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Early physical growth and neurodevelopment in full-term small for gestational age infants: reference points from propensity score matching and restricted cubic splines.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Article
- Myocardial Structural and Functional Assessment in Fetal Growth Restriction Infants-A Cohort Study: Authors' Reply.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- From Fetal Growth Restriction to Adolescent Cardiometabolic Risk: The Impact of Catch-Up Growth and Adiposity.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Umbilical Cord Biomarkers of Nutritional and Metabolic Status in Neonates with Intrauterine Growth Restriction.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Comparative Diagnostic Assessment of Karyotyping, Microarray, and Whole Exome Sequencing in Genetically Associated Fetal Growth Restriction.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Growth Recovery After Fetal Growth Restriction: A 10-Year Follow-Up of Term-Born Children.Nutrients · 2026Observational
- Association between placental malaria, postnatal linear growth, and body mass index in the Dogon Longitudinal Study, Mali.Malaria journal · 2026Article
- Comprehensive antiphospholipid antibody profiling and unsupervised immune phenotyping in fetal growth restriction.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Special Issue "Recent Molecular Research on Preeclampsia".International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Insulin Variation in Insulin Resistance and Visfatin Levels in Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants: An Observational Study on the Gradual Decline from Birth to 12 months.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Pig-Associated Testicular Transcriptome Analysis Reveals microRNA-mRNA Regulatory Networks.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Predicting Fetal Growth with Curve Fitting and Machine Learning.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Ophthalmic Artery Doppler at 11-13 Weeks' Gestation and Birth of Small-for-Gestational-Age Neonates.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Application of artificial intelligence in diagnosis and management of fetal growth disorders: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- TERT translocation as a Novel condition in Intrauterine Growth Restriction rats with early catch-up growth.PloS one · 2025Article
- Maternal Nutrition, Toxicants, and Epigenetic Programming of Obesity Across Generations.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The developmental origins of adult disease theory support the concept that undernourished fetuses are at risk of developing metabolic syndrome due to the energy-saving 'Thrifty Phenotype'. This metabolic plasticity represents an evolutionary adaptation that allows individuals to resist the intense pressure caused by cyclically recurring periods of nutritional deprivation. A comprehensive review was conducted following an extensive literature search in the PubMed/Medline and EMBASE databases concerning reports on fetal/intrauterine growth restriction and its metabolic-related long-term outcomes. We only included articles written in English that were published before 1 July 2024. There are several underlying mechanisms and metabolic and endocrine adjustments shaped by the perinatal environment, and they all contribute to progression towards adult disease. From in utero malnutrition or other insults during the fetal period to fetal programing and postnatal catch-up growth, it is difficult to identify the exact moment when this adaptative phenomenon meant to assure fetal survival and to set children on their own physiological growth curves lose its beneficial effect, establishing the trajectory to obesity, insulin resistance, and other hallmarks of metabolic syndrome. With clinical correspondence to an altered body mass, composition, and eating behaviors, it is evident that the metabolic complications linked to FGR are intricate and arise from disturbances in several pathways and organs, but the underlying processes responsible for the long-term consequences are just starting to be understood. The lack of continuity in perinatal-to-pediatric FGR research sets the challenge of exploring new directions in future scientific opportunities. These will hopefully represent a cornerstone in the management of FGR-related metabolic disorders in children, preventing these disorders from evolving into adult disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.