Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39939356›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Internalized oppression and deaf people's mental health.

Piotr Tomaszewski, Piotr Krzysztofiak, Joanna Kowalska, Peter C Hauser

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Piotr TomaszewskiFaculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. tomasz@psych.uw.edu.pl.
Piotr KrzysztofiakFaculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland.
Joanna KowalskaFaculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Peter C HauserNational Technical Institute for the Deaf Research Center on Culture and Language, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Deaf people experience ableism (able-bodied oppression), audism (hearing-ability oppression), and linguicism (sign language-use oppression) and this study investigated if internalizing these oppressive experiences predicts their mental health. Deaf participants (N = 134) completed a 54-item Deaf Oppression Scale, developed for this study with Ableism, Audism, and Linguicism Subtests, along with the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory. The Deaf Oppression Scale and its Ableism, Audism, and Linguicism Subscales carry good reliability and the model fit indices for a confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit. Sixteen (16%) percent (n = 22) of the sample had depression, 36% (n = 48) had state anxiety, and 64% (n = 86) had trait anxiety. Internalized ableism predicted greater characteristics and symptoms of depression, internalized ableism and linguicism predicted greater state anxiety, and internalized audism predicted greater trait anxiety. This is the first empirical evidence dissociating three types of oppression that deaf people experience and their separate and different effects on their psychological well-being.

Indexed as

DeafnessMental HealthPersons with Hearing DisabilitiesAdolescentAdultAgedAnxietyDepressionFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedSign LanguageYoung AdultAbleismAnxietyAudismDeafDepressionInternalized oppressionLinguicism

Identifiers

PMID39939356
PMCPMC11822193

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.