Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39939108›Full record

ArticleBMJ global health2025

Trends in the prevalence and factors associated with indoor smoking in 24 countries Party to the WHO FCTC: implications for equitable policy implementation.

Daniel Bogale Odo, Olalekan Ayo-Yusuf, Yonatan Dinku, Alemayehu Gonie Mekonnen, Raglan Maddox

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Article in BMJ global health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Daniel Bogale OdoNational Centre for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Wellbeing Research, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia Daniel.Odo@anu.edu.au.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7412-5584
Olalekan Ayo-YusufAfrica Centre for Tobacco Industry Monitoring and Policy Research (ATIM), School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH), University of Pretoria, Prinshof, Pretoria, South Africa.
Yonatan DinkuCentre for Indigenous Policy Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
Alemayehu Gonie MekonnenDepartment of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.
Raglan MaddoxNational Centre for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Wellbeing Research, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionThe health consequences of secondhand smoke (SHS) are a long-standing concern. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) is an evidence-based treaty that aims to protect people from health and environmental harms of commercial tobacco use and exposure to SHS. This study quantified the prevalence of daily smoking inside the house (indoor smoking) and change over time and examined the determinants of indoor smoking in 24 WHO FCTC Parties.

methodsWe used data from the 2 most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 24 countries. Counties were selected if they submitted at least one FCTC implementation report and had two DHS surveys conducted after 2010. The weighted prevalence and percentage changes in daily indoor smoking in the two consecutive surveys were calculated, including rate of change, and a two-sample test of proportions was used to assess changes. Multinomial logistic regression model was employed to examine the association between socioeconomic characteristics and indoor smoking. All results were presented by country.

resultsA significant decline in the prevalence of daily indoor smoking was detected in 16/24 countries, with the rate of decline ranging from -45.8% in Liberia to -15.2% in India. Jordan reported a significant increase in daily indoor smoking from 57% to 60%; p=0.002. The meta-analytical estimate showed that overall, the relative risk ratio (RRR) of daily indoor smoking was significantly lower for households in the 5th wealth quintile compared with counterparts in the 1st quintile (RRR=0.40; 95% CI: 0.30 to 0.52), and in households where head of the household attended higher education compared with no formal education (RRR=0.60; 95% CI: 0.53 to 0.69).

conclusionsThis study demonstrated that prevalence of daily indoor smoking was associated with low socioeconomic status. Reducing SHS exposure is critical, including addressing inequities to help improve health outcomes. Currently, over 2.8 billion people in low-income countries are not protected by smoke-free environment laws, and only 18% of the world's population is covered by strong restrictions on tobacco marketing.

Indexed as

Air Pollution, IndoorSmokingTobacco Smoke PollutionAdolescentAdultFemaleGlobal HealthHealth PolicyHealth SurveysHumansMaleMiddle AgedPrevalenceSmoke-Free PolicySocioeconomic FactorsWorld Health OrganizationTobacco Smoke PollutionAddictionCross-sectional surveyEnvironmental healthHealth policyTobacco

Identifiers

PMID39939108
PMCPMC11822386

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.