ArticlePloS one2025
Distribution of ilmenite minerals in placer deposits along the middle coast of Southern Brazil using spaceborne and ground-based remote sensing.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Titanium oxide is of fundamental strategic importance in the global market as it is used as a raw material by several industries, such as medical prostheses, paints, pigments, and, more recently, electronic chips. The main source of titanium oxide is ilmenite, a mineral deposited in many coastal areas of the world, including the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Southern Brazil in its central coastal plain, under specific morphodynamic conditions. Some geological targets, such as mineral oxides, show distinct thermal spectral features. The present study evaluated the surface concentration of ilmenite in Southern Brazil using thermal spectroscopy (μFT-IR). The emissivity spectral signatures of pure ilmenite between 8 and 14 μm were determined and some indicative features were identified. The obtained emissivity spectrum has been employed as a reference for the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and Linear Spectral Unmixing (LSU) image classification algorithms. An image from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Radiometer (ASTER) sensor (AST_05 emissivity product) was used to recognize the occurrence and assess the richness of the ilmenite. The outcomes of the present study indicated pixels with ilmenite concentration between 0 and 29.6%, with the highest concentration occurring under the transgressive dune field. In contrast, a lower concentration is found in the backshore. To obtain the degree of purity of the ilmenite, a quantitative microanalysis of the samples was conducted in a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the results indicated that 80% of the minerals were ilmenite. Qualitative microanalysis showed that ilmenite is in the primary alteration phase, with a low degree of weathering and a lower concentration of impurities. Integrated techniques for analyzing multispectral and hyperspectral data in the thermal infrared were able to identify and map minerals rich in titanium oxide (ilmenite) quickly, effectively, at low cost, and non-destructively.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.