Glycosylated Delphinidins Decrease Chemoresistance to Temozolomide by Regulating NF-κB/MGMT Signaling in Glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma (GB) is a highly malignant brain tumor with a poor prognosis, with a median survival of only 14.6 months despite aggressive treatments. Resistance to chemotherapy, particularly temozolomide (TMZ), is a significant challenge. The DNA repair enzyme MGMT and glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) often mediate this resistance. Recent studies highlight the therapeutic potential of natural compounds, particularly delphinidins, found in deep purple berries. Delphinidins are known for their ability to inhibit NF-κB signaling, a critical pathway for GB progression, chemoresistance, and MGMT expression. Our research demonstrates that glycosylated delphinidins have potential adjuvant use in the treatment of GB, offering a promising natural strategy to combat TMZ resistance. Specifically, we observed that delphinidin 3,5 di-glucoside has potent anticancer effects when used alone. Meanwhile, delphinidin 3 glucoside acted in synergy with temozolomide to decrease cell viability, highlighting its potential as an adjuvant. It also exerted a faster and more sustained inhibition of NF-κB, highlighting its potential for long-lasting therapeutic effects. These findings open new avenues for targeted therapies against glioblastoma, particularly to overcome treatment resistance.